1. EARTH SCIENCE CHAPTER 1: THE NATURE OF SCIENCE

2. I. What is Earth Science? A. Science 1. process of observing and studying things in our world. 2. enables you to understand your world a) how things work b) why things work c) what may happen in the future B. Earth Science 1. The study of earth and space 2. weather, climate, stars, atmosphere, land, and water

3. Geology

4. C. Four Major Sciences 1. Geology a) study of Earth, its matter & processes that form & change Earth. b) volcanoes, earthquakes, maps, fossils, mountains, uses of land c) geologists search for oil, study volcanoes, identify rocks & minerals, study fossils, glaciers, mountain forming, etc.

5. 2. Meteorology a) study of weather & the forces & processes that cause it. b) climates, storm patterns, weather predictions

6. 3. Astronomy a) study of objects in space b) stars, planets, comets c) beginning of the universe and origin of the Earth

7. 4. Oceanography a) study of the Earth’s oceans b) physical and chemical processes of ocean water c) effects of humans on ocean & marine life

8. D. Earth’s Systems 1. Lithosphere: Earth’s Solid Crust a) sits on top of the asthenosphere— partially melted layer inside the Earth. 2. Hydrosphere: All the water on the Earth 3. The Atmosphere: The Gases Surrounding the Earth 4. Biosphere: Earth’s living things and their environment

10. In your note book answer the following: Page 10 (1,2,4, & 5)

11. II. Methods of Scientists A. Approach # 1 1. Identify the problem 2. Know some basic facts 3. Try a solution 4. Change solution if necessary

12. B. The Scientific Method 1. Identify the Problem 2. Make a hypothesis a) a prediction about a problem that can be tested. 3. Test your hypothesis 4. Analyze the results 5. Draw a conclusion

13. C. Variables & Control 1. Variable a) changeable factor in an experiment b) independent variable: the factor that is changed by the experimenter. c) dependent variable: a factor that can change if the independent variable is changed. 2. Control a) standard for comparison

14. III. Measurement A. International System of Units (SI) 1. Modern version of the metric system 2. based on decimals and the number 10

15. B. Length 1. standard unit is the meter 2. a kilometer is 1000 meters 3. 1 meter = 100 centimeters (cm)

16. C. Mass 1. measure of the amount of matter in an object 2. determined by the number and kinds of atoms that make up an object 3. mass does not change anywhere in the universe 4. standard unit of measure is the kilogram.

18. . Weight 1. a measure of the force of gravity on an object a) gravity: attractive force that exists between all objects b) objects weigh 1/6 on the moon as you would on Earth --divide your weight by 6 to see what you weigh on the moon 2. The standard unit for weight is the Newton a) named for Sir Isaac Newton, he discovered gravity

19. E. Area 1. The amount of surface included within a set of boundaries. a) area = length x width (l x w) b) area of a field ex. 100m 30m l = 100 m w = 30 m A= l x w = 100m x 30m = 3000m 2 2. Area is expressed in cm 2, m 2, km 2, etc.

20. F. Volume 1. measures how much space an object occupies 2. Volume = l x w x h a) ex Aquarium h w l l = 50cm w = 30 cm h= 20 cm Volume = l x w x h = 50cm x 30cm x 20cm = 30,000cm3 3. Volume can be measure in cm3, km3, etc.

21. G. Density 1. measures the amount of matter that occupies a particular space 2. mass m Density = ____________or D = __ volume v a) an objects mass = 100g volume = 90 cm3 D = m/v = 100g / 90cm3 = 1.1 g/cm3 3. Density of water equals 1g/cm3 or 1g/ml

22. H. Temperature 1. measure of how hot or cold something is 2. Celsius a) temp we will be using the most b) 0oC = freezing point of water 100oC = boiling point of water 3. Kelvin Temperature a) Standard SI unit b) Kelvin = degrees Celsius + 273 K c) 100oC = 373 K d) Absolute Zero = 0k = -273oC, temp at which all life & movement ends.

23. IV. Scientific Notation 1. A number multiplied to a power of 10 2. Examples a) 3.7 x 10 7 = 37,000,000 b) 3.7 x 10 -7 = 0.00000037

24. In your notebooks answer the following: Page 16 (1, 2, 3)

25. V. Theories and Laws A. Theory 1. an explanation backed by results obtained from several repeated tests or experiments. a) Are accepted by the majority of scientists b) can change as new results are discovered

26. B. Law 1.Rule of nature that describes the behavior of something in nature a) predicts what will happen but not why it will happen b) Ex. Newton’s 1st Law of Motion: an object continues in motion or at rest until it is acted upon by an outside force.

27. Answer the following in your notebook 1. List in order the steps of the scientific method. 2. In your own words explain the differences of dependent and independent variables 3. Why is a control needed in a scientific experiment?

28. Answer the following in your notebook 1. What are the four areas of science studied in Earth Science? 2. What is the lithosphere? 3. What is the asthenosphere? 4. What is the hydrosphere?