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The communication chain
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What is communication?
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Some definitions of communication
“Share or exchange information or ideas; convey (an emotion or feeling) in a non-verbal way” (Concise Oxford English Dictionary : 2008) “some mutual system of symbolisation” (Watts 1983: 37)
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Some definitions of communication
“The sharing of thoughts, ideas, information and feelings so that they are understood. …. an intricate process which only succeeds if understanding takes place in the mind of the receiver. ….a partnership involving sender and receiver.” (McCall 1984: 20)
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The communication chain
Sender Receiver Thought/ idea Encode thought into words Speech production Sound travels through air Feedback Hearing Decode words Message understood
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Verbal communication The words How we say the words modulation pitch
pace pauses inflection tone amount tone quality
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Non -verbal communication
Gesture Facial expression Posture Eye contact Touch Physical space Physical characteristics
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Importance of non-verbal communication
Words % Tone of voice % Body language 55% (Mehrabian 1971) When there is mismatch “Am I bovvered?”
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Factors that affect communication
What physical and emotional factors might affect different parts of the communication chain? Factors that could affect the speaker Factors that could affect the listener
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Physical factors affecting communication
Speech and language disorders Aphasia/dysphasia Dysarthria Stammering Voice problems Physiological Multiple sclerosis Cerebral Palsy Dementia Motor neurone disease Stroke Brain injury Asperger’s Syndrome Hearing problems Visual problems Ageing Fatigue Pain/discomfort
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Emotional factors affecting communication
Depression Lack of confidence Embarrassment Boredom Mood Willingness to communicate Attitude Cultural background Education Experience
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“A blow in the realm of the mind”
( Sutcliffe, T (1990), The Challenge of Deafness, Desktop Publishing Services, Taunton)
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“A blow in the realm of the mind”
Conversation = transfer of thought from one person to another Higher form of thinking is still normal No sound + inaccurate lipreading → holds up thinking process Delay in processing the message Deafened person cannot respond/participate in the natural flow of conversation
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Support strategies for communication
Don’t pretend you understand Reduce background noise Ask what helps Repeat key word or ideas Rephrase Use gesture/signs Write/draw Change the word Keep sentences short and simple Give time to reply –don’t rush Don’t finish their sentences Keep eye contact Say one thing at a time Relax -be natural Use total communication Recap – check you both understand
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References McCall, R. (1984) Speechreading and Listening Tactics. London: Robert Hale Mehrabian, A. (1971) Silent Messages. California: Wadsworth Soanes C., Stevenson A., (Eds)(2008) Concise Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press Watts, J.W. (1983) Rehabilitation and Acquired Deafness. Beckenham : Croom Helm
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Further reading Crystal, D. (2006) How Language Works. London : Penguin Pinker, S. (1994) The Language Instinct. London; Penguin Websites
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