1. Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function Image from: © Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; All rights reserved Nucleolus Nucleus Nuclear envelope Ribosome (attached) Ribosome (free) Cell Membrane Rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Mitochondrion Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Centrioles

2. ALL LIVING THINGS ARE MADE OF CELLS Cells __________ a _____________ OR ORGANELLES surrounded by _______________ = ________________ WITHOUT NUCLEUS MEMBRANES Cells __________ a NUCLEUS AND ORGANELLES surrounded by MEMBRANES = _________________ WITH PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES http://www.earthlife.net/prokaryotes/welcome.html http://summit.k12.co.us/schools/shs/computer/tkelley/types.html Bacterial Cell

3. CELL MEMBRANE (also called plasma membrane) Cell membranes are made mainly of ________________ & __________________ PHOSPHOLIPIDS PROTEINS Outside of cell Inside of cell (cytoplasm) Cell membrane Proteins Protein channel Lipid bilayer Carbohydrate chains Image from: © Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; All rights reserved

4. LIPID TAILS ARE HYDROPHOBIC HYDROPHILIC  HYDROPHOBIC  Image by Riedell

5. Oil and water don’t mix! Image from: http://employees.csbsju.edu/hjakubowski/classes/ch112/lipids/micbilayer.gif

6. PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER Image from: http://employees.csbsju.edu/hjakubowski/classes/ch112/lipids/micbilayer.gif SEE HOW MEMBRANES FORM Scroll down to animation

7. CELL MEMBRANE Proteins that stick on the surface = _____________ (either inside or outside of cell) Proteins that stick INTO membrane = ________________ (can go part way in or all the way through) PERIPHERAL INTEGRAL

8. Recognize “self” GLYCOPROTEINS GLYCOPROTEINS are PROTEINS with carbohydrates attached Image from: http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20101/Bio%20101%20Lectures/Membranes/membrane.htm

9. TRANSPORT PROTEINS help move substances across the cell membrane Animations from: http://bio.winona.edu/berg/ANIMTNS/facdifan.gif http://www2.uic.edu/~myilma1/ionchannel.gif More on this in Chapter 7-3

10. WHAT DOES IT DO? Acts as a boundary Controls what enters and leaves cell Images from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/cellmembrane.html http://www.mccc.edu/~chorba/celldiagram.htm

11. Cell membranes MOVE! Molecules in cell membranes are constantly moving and changing Animation from: http://www.sp.uconn.edu/~terry/images/anim/fluidmem.gif Click here to see Fluidity Animation Fluidity Animation

12. CYTOPLASM (Between nucleus and cell membrane) ORGANELLE- small structure with a specific function (job) Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/cytoplasm.html Image from: http://faculty.stcc.cc.tn.us/jiwilliams/labprojectsmenu.htm Organelles suspended in gel-like goo

13. HYDROPHOBIC “tails” of phospholipids make molecules line up as LIPID ________________ with POLAR heads facing _______ & NON-POLAR tails facing ________ CELL MEMBRANE (PLASMA MEMBRANE) Made mainly of ____________________ and _________________ MEMBRANE PROTEINS ____________________- stick on inside or outside surface ____________________- go part way or all the way through _________________ - recognize “self” _______________ PROTEINS- move molecules across membrane Membranes are _________________________________ (=Semi-permeable) Allow certain molecules to pass through; but keep others out ___________ what enters & leaves cell Helps with _________________ __________________ = gel-like material + organelles between nucleus and cell membrane GLYCOPROTEINS phospholipids proteins BILAYER out in SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE cytoplasm CONTROLS FUNCTION: HOMEOSTASIS TRANSPORT PERIPHERAL INTEGRAL

14. NUCLEUS Largest organelle in animal cells Image from: http://www.mccc.edu/~chorba/celldiagram.htm

15. NUCLEUS Surrounded by NUCLEAR ENVELOPE (also called NUCLEAR MEMBRANE) DOUBLE MEMBRANE Image from: http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_06/5_11.GIF

16. NUCLEUS NUCLEAR PORES Openings to allow molecules to move in and out of nucleus Image from: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookCELL2.html

17. WHAT DOES IT DO? Contains genetic material (DNA) DNA is spread out as CHROMATIN in non-dividing cells DNA is scrunched up as CHROMOSOMES in dividing cells

18. WHAT DOES IT DO? Control center of cell Image from: Genetic code tells the cell’s parts what to do Image from: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm

19. NUCLEOLUS Dark spot in nucleus = __________ Makes RNA for ribosomes Image from: http://lifesci.rutgers.edu/~babiarz/histo/cell/nuc3L.jpg NUCLEOLUS

20. NUCLEUS NUCLEOLUS Surrounded by ______________ MEMBRANE called the NUCLEAR __________________  ___________ CENTER OF CELL  Nuclear ___________ allow molecules in & out  CONTAINS CELL’S GENETIC MATERIAL (_______)  Dark spot = NUCLEOLUS makes ___________________ (RNA) DNA is scrunched up as ______________ in dividing cells. DNA is spread out as ________________ in non-dividing cells. ENVELOPE PORES CONTROL DNA RIBOSOMES CHROMOSOMES CHROMATIN DOUBLE

21. CYTOSKELETON Helps cell maintain shape Help move organelles around Made of PROTEINS: MICROFILAMENTS (Actin) & MICROTUBULES (Tubulin) Image from: http://anthro.palomar.edu/animal/default.htm Image from: © Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; All rights reserved

22. See Motor Proteins Motor proteins “walk” on CYTOSKELETON to move structures in cells http://thevacationgals.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Macys-Thanksgiving-Day-Parade-Balloon-Handlers-on-Parade-Route-NYC-nydailynews.com_.jpg http://www.nat.vu.nl/en/sec/compl/research_motors.html

23. CYTOSKELETON Made of PROTEINS called ______________ & _________________ FUNCTION: _________________________ ___________________________________ ________ proteins “walk” on CYTOSKELETON to move structures in cells. MICROTUBULES MICROFILAMENTS Helps cell maintain shape; Support; Helps in movement MOTOR

24. CENTRIOLES Appear during cell division to guide chromosomes apart

25. CENTRIOLES/MITOTIC SPINDLE Made of MICROTUBULES (Tubulin) Image from: http://www.coleharbourhigh.ednet.ns.ca/library/organelle_worksheet.htm

26. CENTRIOLES MICROTUBULES ANIMAL Made of proteins CALLED _______________________ Only seen in _______________ cells during cell division Function:__________________________________ guide chromosomes apart;

27. MITOCHONDRION (plural=MITOCHONDRIA) Look like “little sausages” Image from: http://instructional1.calstatela.edu/dfrankl/CURR/kin150/Images/mitochondria.jpg

28. MITOCHONDRIA Surrounded by a DOUBLE membrane Folded inner membrane increases surface area for more chemical reactions Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/mitochondria.jpe Has its own DNA

29. MITOCHONDRIA Come from cytoplasm in EGG You inherit your mitochondria from your mother! http://www.wappingersschools.org/RCK/staff/teacherhp/johnson/visualvocab/p14%5b1%5d.jpg

30. WHAT DOES IT DO? Burns glucose to release energy Stores energy as ATP “Powerplant of cell” Images from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/mito.html http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html Image by: Riedell

31. MITOCHONDRION (pl. MITOCHONDRIA) Surrounded by _____________ membrane Contains its own ___________ _______________ of cell Burns ____________ Stores energy released as ______ Folded inner membrane = _________________ (increases surface area for more chemical reactions) DOUBLE DNA Power plant GLUCOSE ATP CRISTAE

32. RIBOSOMES Made of PROTEINS and RNA Protein factory for cell Join amino acids to make proteins Image from: http://www.ust.hk/roundtable/hi-tech.series/1_b1.jpg  Image by: RIedell

33. RIBOSOMES Can be attached to Rough ER OR free in cytoplasm Image from: http://www.mccc.edu/~chorba/celldiagram.htm Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/endoplasmic.jpe

34. RIBOSOMES Can be __________________ or __________ to Rough ER MADE OF ______________ & ________ FUNCTION: _____________________ FREE in cytoplasm ATTACHED PROTEINS RNA MAKE PROTEINS

35. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM 2 KINDS: SMOOTH or ROUGH Network of hollow membrane tubules Image from: http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_06/5_10B.GIF

36. ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (Rough ER) Makes membrane proteins and proteins for export out of cell Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/endoplasmic.jpe Animation from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/er.html

37. ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) Has RIBOSOMES attached Proteins are made on ribosomes and inserted into Rough ER to be modified and transported Image from: http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/cells/ER.jpg

38. SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (smooth ER) Has NO ribosomes attached Has enzymes for special tasks Image from: http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0073.JPG

39. SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (smooth ER) Image from:http://www.accs.net/users/kriel/chapter%20eight/smooth%20er.gif Makes membrane lipids (steroids) Regulates calcium (muscle cells) Destroys toxic substances (Liver)

40. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM ROUGH ER SMOOTH ER (with ribosomes) (no ribosomes) Internal Network of ___________________ Rough ER: Attached ribosomes make _________________ which are modified and transported to Golgi for export Smooth ER: Makes membrane lipids (__________________) Regulates ________________ in muscles Breaks down _________________ in liver PROTEINS STEROIDS CALCIUM TOXINS MEMBRANES

41. GOLGI APPARATUS (BODY) Pancake like membrane stacks Modify, sort, & package molecules from ER for storage OR transport out of cell Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/golgi.h Image from: http://www.rsbs.anu.edu

42. Animation from: http://www.franklincollege.edu/bioweb/A&Pfiles/week04.html See a Golgi animation

43. GOLGI APPARATUS (BODY) Looks like a “______________________” Made of ______________________ FUNCTION: Modify, sort, & package substances from ER for ______________ or _______________ out of cell Stacks of pancakes = _________________ Membrane sacs that bud off = _______________ stack of pancakes membranes export storage VESICLES CISTERNAE

44. It’s ALL connected!ALL connected

45. LYSOSOMES Membrane bound sacs that contain PROTEINS called digestive enzymes Animation from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/lysosomes.html Digest food, unwanted molecules, old organelles, cells, bacteria, etc

46. LYSOSOMES Image modified from: http://www.people.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/lysosome.html See lysosomes in actionin action:

47. LYSOSOMES Image from: http://www.people.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/lysosome.html See LYSOSOME MOVIE

48. http://www.mgm.ufl.edu/images/bharfe/image3.jpg http://research.yale.edu/ysm/images/78.3/articles-apoptosis-cells.jpg “PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH” = ______________________ APOPTOSIS Lysosomes help digest unwanted cells Human tails

49. Apoptosis plays a role in: Embryonic development Normal body cell maintenance Immune system responses Cancer AIDS infection Transplant rejection http://www.cellsalive.com/apop.htm

50. LYSOSOMES Sac containing _________________________ FUNCTION: Digests __________________________________ Plays a role in ____________“Programmed cell death” Cell suicide for the good of the organism Digestive enzymes food molecules & unwanted cells/cell parts; APOPTOSIS

51. FLAGELLA & CILIA Made of PROTEINS called MICROTUBULES (9 + 2 arrangement) Image from: http://www.stchs.org/science/courses/sbioa/metenergy/flagella.jpg

52. FLAGELLA Help in cell movement

53. CILIA Move cell itself Animation from: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm

54. CILIA Move substances past cells http://www.sk.lung.ca/content.cfm?edit_realword=hwbreathe

55. CILIA Many short FLAGELLA Few Long WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE? Animation from: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm

56. CILIA & FLAGELLA Made of PROTEINS called _______________ organized in a _________ arrangement that help with ___________________ CILIA =________ & __________ FUNCTION: ______________________ ________________________ FLAGELLA =______ & ________ FUNCTION: _________________ MICROTUBULES 9 + 2 MOVEMENT MANY SHORT move cells; move substances past cells FEW LONG Move cells

57. WHAT’S SPECIAL ABOUT PLANT CELLS? Cell wall HUGE vacuoles Chloroplasts No centrioles Plant vs Animal cells

58. CELL WALL Supports and protects cell Outside of cell membrane Made of carbohydrates & proteins Plant cell walls are mainly _____________ CELLULOSE http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm http://www.windows.ucar.edu/kids_space/images/brick_wall.jpg

59. CELL WALL Found OUTSIDE the ____________________ Provides ____________ & ________________ ___________________ makes plant cells sturdy Bacteria have cell walls made of _______________ FUNGI have cell walls made of __________ Cell membrane SUPPORT PROTECTION CELLULOSE PEPTIDOGLYCAN CHITIN

60. VACUOLES Storage space Image from: http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/plant_cell.gif http://library.thinkquest.org/3564/Cells/cell93.gif

61. VACUOLES Storage space for WATER, salts, proteins (enzymes), carbohydrates, and waste Vacuoles SMALL in ANIMAL CELLS NO VACUOLES IN BACTERIA Image from: http://www.metoliusfriends.org/csca/images/tupperware.jpg

62. Contractile vacuoles control excess water in cells (HOMEOSTASIS) 1 http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imgjun99/vidjun1.gif

63. VACUOLES Storage space for: _______________ WATER, proteins, waste carbohydrates,enzymes, One huge in _______cells, Many small vacuoles in _________ cells, Not in _________________ plant animal bacteria

64. CHLOROPLASTS Use energy from sunlight to make own food (glucose) http://stallion.abac.peachnet.edu/sm/kmccrae/BIOL2050/Ch1-13/JpegArt1-13/04jpeg/04-28_chloroplasts_1.jpg http://www.seorf.ohiou.edu/~tstork/compass.rose/photosynthesis/chloro_sun_bathing.gif

65. CHLOROPLASTS Surrounded by DOUBLE membrane Contains own DNA http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_campbell_essentials_2/cipl/04/HTML/source/04-17-chloroplast-nl.htm Thylakoid membrane sacs contain enzymes for photosynthesis

66. CHLOROPLAST Surrounded by ____________ membrane Has own ________ _____________ =membrane sacs inside Contain CHLOROPHYLL where _______________________ happens FOUND ONLY IN _____________ CELLS PHOTOSYNTHESIS DOUBLE DNA THYLAKOIDS PLANT

67. Go to Section: Plant Cell Nuclear envelope Ribosome (attached) Ribosome (free) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Nucleus Rough endoplasmic reticulum Nucleolus Golgi apparatus Mitochondrion Cell wall Cell Membrane Chloroplast Vacuole Section 7-2 Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells

68. WHAT’S DIFFERENT ABOUT BACTERIAL CELLS? Cell wall NO NUCLEAR MEMBRANE DNA is circular No membrane bound organelles http://www.eurekascience.com/ICanDoThat/bacteria_cells.htm See video

69. BACTERIA have a CELL WALL BUT… IT’S MADE OF DIFFERENT MOLECULES than plant cell walls! _______________ NOT CELLULOSE! More on this in Chapter 18! Image from: http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/procaryotes/images/procaryote.jpg PEPTIDOGLYCAN

70. WHICH IS BIGGER? _________ > _____________ > ___________ Plant cellAnimal cell bacteria

71. DIFFERENCES IN ANIMAL CELLS, PLANT CELLS, AND BACTERIA ANIMAL CELLPLANT CELLBACTERIA Eukaryotes Prokaryotes Cell membrane Nuclear membrane NO nuclear membrane NO cell wallCell wall made of CELLULOSE Cell wall made of PEPTIDOGLYCAN Has ribosomes DNA in multiple chromosomes DNA is a single circular ring CYTOSKELETON Small vacuolesReally big vacuoleNO vacuoles Has lysosomes NO lysosomes Has centriolesNO centrioles NO chloroplastsChloroplastsNO chloroplasts SMALLERSMALLSMALLEST _______________ cells > ________________ cells > ______________ cell

72. BACTERIA are PROKARYOTES PLANTS, ANIMALS & FUNGI are EUKARYOTES No membrane bound organelles Organelles with membranes

73. USE WORDS FROM THE WORD BANKS TO COMPLETE THE VENN DIAGRAM COMPARISON

74. SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS 9-12.L.1.1. Students are able to relate cellular functions and processes to specialized structures within cells. Transport cell membranes, homeostasis Photosynthesis and respiration ATP-ADP energy cycle Role of enzymes Mitochondria Chloroplasts LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things

75. 9-12.L.1.2. Students are able to classify organisms using characteristics and evolutionary relationships of major taxa. Kingdoms Examples: animals, plants, fungi, protista, monera Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things

76. Core High School Life Science Performance Descriptors High school students performing at the ADVANCED level: predict the function of a given structure; predict how homeostasis is maintained within living systems; High school students performing at the PROFICIENT level: describe and give examples of chemical reactions required to sustain life (…role of enzymes) describe the relationship between structure and function explain how homeostasis is maintained within living systems; High school students performing at the BASIC level name chemical reactions required to sustain life (… role of enzymes) recognize that different structures perform different functions identify DNA as the structure that carries the genetic code define homeostasis;

77. SOUTH DAKOTA SCIENCE STANDARDS 9-12.L.1.1. Students are able to relate cellular functions and processes to specialized structures within cells. Transport cell membranes, homeostasis Photosynthesis and respiration ATP-ADP energy cycle Role of enzymes Mitochondria Chloroplasts LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things