1. Differential Equations Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

2. First-Order Linear Differential Equations Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

3. 3 Solve a first-order linear differential equation, and use linear differential equations to solve applied problems. Objectives

4. 4 First-Order Linear Differential Equations

5. 5 You will see how to solve a very important class of first- order differential equations- first order linear differential equations.

6. 6 To solve a linear differential equation, write it in standard form to identify the functions P(x) and Q(x). Then integrate P(x) and form the expression which is called an integrating factor. The general solution of the equation is First-Order Linear Differential Equations

7. 7 It is instructive to see why the integrating factor helps solve a linear differential equation of the form y' = P(x) = Q(x). When both sides of the equation are multiplied by the integrating factor the left-handed side becomes the derivative of a product. Integrating both sides of this second equation and dividing by u(x) produce the general solution. First-Order Linear Differential Equations

8. 8 Example 1 – Solving a Linear Differential Equation Find the general solution of y' + y = e x. Solution: For this equation, P(x) = 1 and Q(x) = e x. So, the integrating factor is

9. 9 Example 1 – Solution cont’d This implies that the general solution is

10. 10 First-Order Linear Differential Equations

11. 11 Example 2 – Solving a First-Order Linear Differential Equation Find the general solution of xy' – 2y = x 2. Solution: The standard form of the given equation is So, P(x) = –2/x, and you have

12. 12 Example 2 – Solution So, multiplying each side of the standard form by 1/x 2 yields cont’d which implies that the integrating factor is

13. 13 Several solution curves (for C = –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4) are shown in Figure 6.17. Figure 6.17 Example 2 – Solution cont’d

14. 14 First-Order Linear Differential Equations In most falling-body problems discussed so far, air resistance has been neglected. The next example includes this factor. In the example, the air resistance on the falling object is assumed to be proportional to its velocity v. If g is the gravitational constant, the downward force F on the falling object of mass m is given by the difference mg –kv. If a is the acceleration of the object, then by Newton’s Second Law of Motion,

15. 15 First-Order Linear Differential Equations which yields the following differential equation.

16. 16 Example 3 – A Falling Object with Air Resistance An object of mass m is dropped from a hovering helicopter. The air resistance is proportional to the velocity of the object. Find the velocity of the object as a function of time t. Solution: The velocity v satisfies the equation

17. 17 Example 3 – Solution Letting b= k / m, you can separate variables to obtain cont’d

18. 18 Example 3 – Solution Because the object was dropped, v = 0 when t = 0; so g = C, and it follows that cont’d

19. 19 Example 5 – A Mixture Problem A tank contains 50 gallons of a solution composed of 90% water and 10% alcohol. A second solution containing 50% water and 50% alcohol is added to the tank at the rate of 4 gallons per minute. As the second solution is being added, the tank is being drained at a rate of 5 gallons per minute, as shown in Figure 6.19. Assuming the solution in the tank is stirred constantly, how much alcohol is in the tank after 10 minutes? Figure 6.19

20. 20 Example 5 – Solution Let y be the number of gallons of alcohol in the tank at any time t. You know that y = 5 when t = 0. Because the number of gallons of solution in the tank at any time is 50 – t, and the tank loses 5 gallons of solution per minute, it must lose [5/(50 – t)]y gallons of alcohol per minute. Furthermore, because the tank is gaining 2 gallons of alcohol per minute, the rate of change of alcohol in the tank is given by

21. 21 To solve this linear equation, let P(t) = 5/(50 – t) and obtain Because t < 50, you can drop the absolute value signs and conclude that So, the general solution is Example 5 – Solution cont’d

22. 22 Because y = 5 when t = 0, you have which means that the particular solution is Finally, when t = 10, the amount of alcohol in the tank is which represents a solution containing 33.6% alcohol. Example 5 – Solution cont’d