1. YOUR LOGO HERE HISTORY OF UNIFICATION

2. YOUR LOGO HERE “Europe’s history has been one of rivalry and war. That history could easily have been today’s reality save for the European Union, which has changed profoundly the political culture of our continent, and made war between former sworn enemies unthinkable.” –British Foreign Secretary Jack Straw, message to House of Commons, June 16, 2004

3. YOUR LOGO HERE Early Attempts at Unity lRome lCharlemagne lHoly Roman Empire lBourbons lHapsburgs lNapoleon lConcert of Europe lHitler

4. YOUR LOGO HERE Post-WWII Developments lBenelux lEuropean Coal and Steel Community lEuropean Economic Community lEuropean Community lEuropean Union

5. YOUR LOGO HERE Why post-WWII unification? lPrevent continued conflict in western Europe (France/ Germany) lBuild European financial strength lProvide mutual security lImprove domestic affairs lNot to make United States of Europe!!

6. YOUR LOGO HERE Benelux lBenelux Treaty, 1948 lBelgium lNetherlands lLuxemburg Benelux

7. YOUR LOGO HERE Benelux l1 st attempt at supra-nationalism lInformally combined: –Means of economic production and distribution –Basic political structures Benelux

8. YOUR LOGO HERE Schuman Declaration lSchuman, French Minister of Foreign Affairs lProposed to Germany to join on equal footing a new body responsible for joint management of coal and steel lAdenauer, German Chancellor, accepted ECSC

9. YOUR LOGO HERE European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) lTreaty of Paris, 1951 lWest Germany lFrance lItaly lBenelux ECSC

10. YOUR LOGO HERE European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) lCombined means of production and distribution of coal and steel –War-making materials lSingle concrete goal –Means to an end... peace between France and Germany ECSC

11. YOUR LOGO HERE European Economic Community (EEC) (Common Market) lTreaty of Rome, 1957 lWest Germany lFrance lItaly lBenelux EEC

12. YOUR LOGO HERE EEC Foci lDeepening –Economic integration lEURATOM (European Atomic Energy Commission) –Focus nuclear research toward energy, not weaponry EEC

13. YOUR LOGO HERE Common Agricultural Policy, 1962 lDeepening in agricultural relations lControversial –Price supports –Therefore, over-production EEC

14. YOUR LOGO HERE Merger Treaty, 1965 lBrought together: –EEC –ECSC –EURATOM EEC

15. YOUR LOGO HERE Lomé Convention, 1975 lFormal economic agreement with former European colonies –Financial aid –Trade relations –British Commonwealth & French Empire –Rivalry with US EEC

16. YOUR LOGO HERE European Monetary System, 1979 lFurther deepening of trade policy –Eventually currency and monetary policy lPoor nations problematic, like Greece, Spain, and Italy lUK and Denmark balked EEC

17. YOUR LOGO HERE Single European Act, 1986 lDeadline for Single Market (1992) lCreated smoother procedures l Removed non-tariff barriers –Illegal to have national laws as barriers to trade EC

18. YOUR LOGO HERE European Union lMaastricht Treaty, 1992 lUK forced removal of references to development of federalism EU

19. YOUR LOGO HERE 3 Pillars of Maastricht Treaty 1st European Community for monetary issues EU 3rd Cooperation in Justice and Home Affairs 2nd Common Foreign and Security Policy

20. YOUR LOGO HERE EU

21. YOUR LOGO HERE Enlargement Criteria l Copenhagen European Council of 1993 lEconomic –Market economy –Withstand market forces –Inflation within 1½% of 3 best countries l Political –Stability and transparency of institut ions EU

22. YOUR LOGO HERE Executive (consults and proposes) Legislative (makes laws) Judicial ( ensures that law is observed) CommissionCouncilEuropean Parliament Court of Justice Institutions EU

23. YOUR LOGO HERE Single Currency lEMU (European Monetary Unit) –1992 (idea begun with Maastricht Treaty) lEuro-- € –01/01/99—exchange rate set –01/01/02—currency in use EU

24. YOUR LOGO HERE CONSTITUTIONALIZATION