1. Post Cold war: 1990’s Iraq hardens NSG, 153 safeguards:uranium crunch? Pressures for India-Pak Bilateral/regional restraints, for signing NPT Economic crisis/liberalization, IMF conditions, Cheap oil/gas exclude n-power globally Cross-border Terrorism under Nuclear Umbrella, NPT Indefinite extension, Disarmament shelved by P5, CTBT 1998 Shakti Tests and Nuclear Weapon Status

2. Post 1998 P5 sanctions, insensitivity to security environment NFU, Nuclear doctrine, 2000 export controls Security Dialogues, Talbot Jaswant Parleys Kargil War, Nuclear flash point, turning point Clinton visit, new Vision Indo-US Relations Demand for Restraints : Capping, CTBT, FMCT, George W. Bush in 2001 more pro-India

3. Post 9/11 Rapid improvement of India-US ties Export Controls adopted in full, 2005 WMD Act Active bilateral nuclear diplomacy, dialogues NSSP Jan 2004, NSG Outreach Change of Guard in Delhi, policy continued US-India July 2005 Statement, Separation of civilian n-facilities Active outreach with NSG, nuclear renaissance

4. US steps to mainstream India Separation Plan, 14 of 22 reactors under SG George Bush visit 2006, Energy Crunch/Climate US Cong Hide Act, Dec 2006 unblocks Art 123 conditions: NSG exemption, Separation, SGs NSG Exemption: disarmament commitments IAEA India Specific Safeguards Agreement 123 Agreement Parallel agreements with Russia, France, UK

5. Future outlook President Obama’s visit in 2010 and historic second visit as R-day Chief Guest in 2015 Cooperation enhanced with US, Russia, France, UK, Japan, Australia, South Korea, Germany Nuclear Security Summits Adherence to IAEA Additional Protocol Problems from Nuclear Liability Act being addressed