1. MUTATIONS No this can’t happen with just mutations

2. Mutations are: Changes in the DNA code Mutations that affect your body cells can generate changes in your body – things as serious as cancer, or as simple as moles. Mutations that affect your sex cells can be passed on to your offspring. Mutations can happen naturally, but things called mutagens (like UV radiation) can make it happen more frequently.

3. Types of Mutations Chromosomal –Large scale addition, deletion, or change of a gene or many genes Point –An addition, deletion, or substitution of one (1) base in a gene.

4. Types of Point Mutations

5. Missense Mutation Substitution of a base that changes an amino acid. THE CAT ATE THE RAT THE CAR ATE THE RAT –Real life Example: Tay-Sachs Disease

6. Nonsense Mutation Substitution of a base that changes a codon to a STOP codon. –Examples: UAC (codes for Tyr)  UAG (a stop codon)

7. Frameshift Mutation Addition or deletion of a base that causes the reading frame to shift. Example –THE CAT ATE THE RAT –(delete the “T” in CAT), shift the frame –THE CAA TET HER AT

8. Effects of Mutations Silent Mutations: Substitution of a base that does NOT change the amino acid –Caused by CODE DEGENERACY: the fact that most amino acids are coded for by more than one codon. Change of function or Loss of Function Mutations: will create a new trait.