1. Past, present, and future
Ethnobotany of Indigenous Nations of ______ North America, including Wisconsin
Buffalo Bird Woman's Garden
Past, present, and future

2. Wisconsin: guest speakers on
Ethnobotany of Indigenous Nations of ______ North America, including Wisconsin
Wisconsin: guest speakers on
wild-rice (manoomin) harvest (Bad River Anishinabe)
revitalization project for three sisters polyculture (Oneida)
“Eastern North America” (upper Mississippi River watershed)
plants cultivated and maybe domesticated in ancient times
agricultural techniques in historic times

3. Wild-rice Zizania palustris, Z. aquatica, Z. texana
traditional harvest method does not select for “non-shattering” rachis
human-mediated dispersal as seeds were brought to new lakes

4. Zizania aquatica manoomin or wild-rice

5. Zizania aquatica manoomin or wild-rice
wikimedia commons: Anishinaabe-Anishinini Map.PNG
1905 harvest – Minnesota Historical Society

6. Crop cultivation & domestication in eastern North America
Smith, B. D The Emergence of Agriculture. Scientific American Library, New York.
Iva annua – marsh elder
Helianthus annuus – sunflower
Cucurbita pepo – squash, pumpkin, gourd

7. Ancient crop cultivation & domestication in eastern North America
Crops domesticated in eastern North America?
Chenopodium berlandieri – goosefoot or lamb’s quarters
Helianthus annuus – sunflower
Cucurbita pepo – squash, pumpkin, gourd
Iva annua – marsh elder or sumpweed
Cultivated, but domesticated?
Phalaris caroliniana – maygrass
Polygonum erectum – erect knotgrass
Hordeum pusillum – little barley
What about the three sisters?

8. Chenopodium berlandieri lamb’s quarters or goosefoot
wild
domesticated
Smith, B. D., C. W. Cowan and M. P. Hoffman Rivers of Change Smithsonian Inst. Press, Washington, DC.

9. Chenopodium berlandieri lamb’s quarters or goosefoot
wild
domesticated
Smith, B. D., C. W. Cowan and M. P. Hoffman Rivers of Change

10. Sunflower – Helianthus annuus
Asteraceae
domesticated for oily seeds
recent controversy about area of origin

11. Smith, Bruce D. (2006) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103, 12223-12228
Comparison of an archaeological sunflower achene from eastern North America with the San Andres specimen
Smith, Bruce D. (2006) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103,
Fig. 3. Comparison of an archaeological sunflower achene from eastern North America with the San Andrés specimen. (Left) Scanning electron micrograph of a sunflower achene from Cloudsplitter Rockshelter in eastern Kentucky, exhibiting distinctive parallel longitudinal strands or bundles of sclerenchyma fibers (achene length, 9.2 mm). (Right) San Andrés achene (achene length, 8.2 mm). (Photograph of San Andrés achene courtesy of David Lentz, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, IL.)
Copyright ©2006 by the National Academy of Sciences

12. Sunflower – Helianthus annuus
Molecular data link domesticated sunflower to populations in eastern North America

13. Cucurbita pepo ssp. pepo ssp fraterna ssp ovifera var. ovifera
ssp. pepo
ssp fraterna
ssp ovifera
var. ovifera
var. ozarkana
var. texana
photos by Thomas C. Andres
on Cucurbit Network website

14. Cucurbita pepo ssp. pepo (only domesticated) ssp fraterna (only wild)
ssp. pepo (only domesticated)
pumpkin, zucchini, Mexican landraces, some gourds
ssp fraterna (only wild)
ssp ovifera (both wild and domesticated)
var. ovifera
acorn, crookneck, scallop cultivars
var. ozarkana
var. texana

15. The Initial Domestication of Cucurbita pepo in the Americas 10,000 Years Ago Bruce D. Smith
Fig. 2. (A) Cucurbita pepo peduncle from zone B of Guilá Naquitz that yielded an AMS 14C date of 7340 ± 60 14C years B.P. (note diagnostic alternating large and small ridges). (B) Cucurbita pepo fruit end fragment from zone B of Guilá Naquitz that retains orange rind color and yielded an AMS 14C date of 6980 ± 50 14C years B.P. (C) A squash seed from zone C of Guilá Naquitz 13.8 mm in length that exhibits marginal ridge and hair morphology diagnostic of C. pepo and yielded an AMS 14C date of 8910 ± 50 14C years B.P. Science 9 May 1997: Vol no. 5314, pp

16. Smith, Bruce D. (2006) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103, 12223-12228
Copyright ©2006 by the National Academy of Sciences

17. Molecular evidence (RAPDs) for two separate domestications of Cucurbita pepo
Summary phenogram by Deena Decker-Walters, based on data in Decker-Walters, & al. 2002

18. Iva annua sumpweed or marsh elder
Asteraceae
domesticated for oily seeds
domesticated form is extinct

19. Iva annua sumpweed or marsh elder
Asteraceae
domesticated by 2000 BCE
declined after arrival of maize, & now extinct

20. Maygrass Phalaris caroliniana
cultivated over 2000 years ago
Eastern agricultural complex
domesticated?

21. Polygonum erectum “erect knotgrass” and Hordeum pusillum “little barley”

23. Native America 1491
debates about population numbers before European arrival
settlements seen by De Soto’s explorers 1539
steep population declines from epidemic of introduced diseases
painting by John White ~1585

24. Review: transplanting, replanting, or sowing
tending Camas bulbs in Northwest (see chapter by Sandra Peacock and Nancy Turner)

25. Review: transplanting, replanting, or sowing
replanting rice root (Fritillaria lanceolata) and spring beauty (Claytonia lanceolata) in Northwest (studied by Nancy Turner)

26. Hidatsa Agriculture in 19th century
agricultural tools in use in “Like a Fishhook” village
Source: Buffalo Bird Woman’s Garden, agricultural traditions remembered by Maxi'diwiac, recorded by Gilbert Wilson 1917

27. Hidatsa Agriculture in 19th century
agricultural tools
Source: Buffalo Bird Woman’s Garden, agricultural traditions remembered by recorded by Gilbert Wilson 1917

28. Hidatsa Agriculture in 19th century
Stages built for guarding growing maize or for drying harvested ears
Source: Buffalo Bird Woman’s Garden

29. Hidatsa Agriculture in 19th century
drying corn and sliced squashes for winter food storage
Source: Buffalo Bird Woman’s Garden

30. Oneida tribe in Wisonsin
Dawes Allotment Act of 1887, amended 1891.
1,527 Allotments
90 acres for head of household
Minimal transportation to and from separated parcels
Taxation
Source: presentation by Diana Peterson, 2007