1. Improving Long-term Stewardship & Promoting Beneficial Reuse of Legacy Sites Real Estate Breakout Session, Wednesday, May 11, 2016 Bud Sokolovich, Senior Program Realty Officer U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Legacy Management (LM)

2. Introduction The Office of Legacy Management mission: To fulfill the Department’s post-closure responsibilities and ensure the future protection of human health and the environment. Topic 1: Improving long-term stewardship: From active groundwater remediation to passive treatment. Topic 2: Beneficial reuse options at Legacy Management sites. 2

3. Topic 1: Mound Background Placed on National Priorities List in 1989 Remediated to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) risk-based standards for industrial and commercial use Institutional controls manage land and groundwater use Property sold in 1998 for commercial/industrial reuse 3

4. Background (continued) Sanitary landfill used for waste disposal Utilized from 1948 to 1974 Cap placed after use Removal 2007-2011 OU-1 adjacent to the Buried Valley Aquifer (BVA) Sole-source aquifer Pathways of concern Contaminant leaching from soils or disposed wastes Contaminant entrainment into groundwater and migration to potential receptors 4 Historical features of the OU-1 area

5. Landfill Excavation (2007–2011) 2007–2008 65,000 cubic yards removed 2009–2010 34,500 cubic yards removed 5

6. Findings: Operable Unit 1 (OU-1) soil and groundwater have been affected by volatile organic compounds (VOC) Groundwater remedy is collection, treatment, and disposal (pump and treat [P&T]) Several combinations of technologies were used to address soil and groundwater contamination Monitored natural attenuation (MNA) is a viable alternative (3-year field study commenced in 2014) Majority of source area has been excavated VOC concentrations in groundwater have decreased Attenuation mechanisms have been observed in the subsurface at OU-1 6

7. Phase-Combined Remedy Approach Several actions were performed to address VOC-impacted soil and groundwater: Pump and Treatment: Groundwater System was started in 1997 and continued until August 2014 System in standby to support the field demonstration Soil vapor extraction (SVE): Vadose zone System operated from 1997 to 2003 Landfill excavation: Soil/waste materials Two actions between 2007 and 2010 OU-1 Enhanced Attenuation Field Demonstration: Vadose zone and groundwater Injection of emulsified oil in 2014 Testing and Characterization Studies: Groundwater and soil Performed to track progress throughout remedy periods 7

8. Summary of Benefits to Legacy Management Pump and Treat active groundwater remediation system has a 26 year life-cycle. Passive system has a life-cycle of 10 years. Cost of pump and treat system is estimated at $7,020,000 over life-cycle. Passive system has higher 1 st year outlays ($743,000) but lower life-cycle cost total estimate of $1,763,000. Potential savings to program of over $5,250,000 to reach clean- up goal. Energy savings of over 66,000 Kwh of electricity used – a 50% reduction and 44% reduction in other energy costs – fleet, greenhouse gas emission pollution, fuel. Attenuation concept is adaptable for other Legacy Management sites. 8

9. Summary of Evaluation of VOCs in Groundwater Two areas of elevated VOCs in groundwater Former landfill area Downgradient of OU-1 capture zone Residually contaminated soil present in base of landfill No primary or secondary sources identified outside landfill boundary Impact downgradient of hydraulic boundary in dissolved phase Plume is not stagnant Migration rate is slow 9

10. Field Demonstration (2014) Enhanced attenuation strategies focus on altering a target site so that it will transition to natural attenuation Development of structured treatment zones to enhance natural attenuation mechanisms in the OU-1 aquifer 10

11. Field Demonstration (2014) (continued) Reduce future VOC loading from vadose zone (neat oil) Reduce oxygen inputs to local aquifer (neat oil) 11

12. Field Demonstration (2014) (continued) Form active bioremediation treatment zones within plume footprint (emulsified oil) Stimulate long-term attenuation capacity (emulsified oil) 12

13. Field Demonstration Results (2015) Zones display: Increased concentrations of cis-1,2-DCE Negative oxidation- reduction potential values Declining dissolved oxygen concentrations Increased concentrations of metabolic byproducts Groundwater exhibiting foul odor and color changes Increased bacterial count 13

14. Field Demonstrations Results (2015) (continued) 14

15. Conclusions Performance of phase-combined remedies has resulted in significant reductions in concentrations of PCE and TCE in groundwater The areas where the concentrations of PCE and TCE exceed the MCLs are defined and limited PCE and TCE concentrations have not increased since the injection of the emulsified oils to stimulation attenuation Operation of the P&T system has been suspended to allow for natural groundwater flow though the OU-1 area Downgradient water quality has not been impacted Data supports creation of zones conducive to the degradation of PCE and TCE Significant potential energy savings and programmatic cost reductions 15

16. Topic 2: Promoting Beneficial Reuse of Legacy Management Sites Goal 4 of LM: Optimize the use of land and assets. A lot of sites: LM has 91 sites and over 60,000 acres in the portfolio. Spread across the country, including Alaska and Puerto Rico. 10,266 (17%) DOE-owned acres 32,819 (55%) withdrawn acres 24,137 acres withdrawn for uranium/vanadium mineral development and mining 17,137 (28%) non-DOE owned site/land acres Surface/soil or groundwater restrictions Environmental monitoring, maintenance & inspection 16

17. Beneficial Reuse Challenges Beneficial reuse at LM sites is dependent on: Level of cleanup Number and types of residual hazards Schedules of the organizations performing the remediation Jurisdictional issues on BLM-withdrawn lands Control of surface and sub-surface rights National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) 17

18. Beneficial Reuse - Energy 18 Solar panels at the New Rifle, Colorado, UMTRCA Processing Site

19. Beneficial Reuse - Agriculture 19 Haying Operations Falls City, Texas, Site Grazing L Bar, New Mexico, Site Shirley Basin South, Wyoming, Site Bear Creek, Wyoming, Site Edgemont, South Dakota, Site Spook, Wyoming, Site

20. Beneficial Reuse - Conservation 20 Protecting habitat for the threatened Gunnison Sage Grouse at the Gunnison, Colorado, Site and the Monticello, Utah, Site Controlling noxious weeds and restoring habitat along the Dolores River corridor on the Uranium Leasing Program Lease Tract C-SR-13

21. Beneficial Reuse - Community Preserving Historical Knowledge 21 Gasbuggy, New Mexico, Site

22. Beneficial Reuse – Multiple Use Fernald, Ohio, Site – Fernald Preserve Community/Education Conservation Weldon Spring, Missouri, Site Community/Education/Recreation Conservation 22

23. Fernald, Ohio, Site 23

24. Fernald Site - Former Production Area 24

25. Fernald Site - Visitor Center 25

26. Fernald Site - Pollinator Health 26

27. Fernald Site - Silos Area Restoration 27

28. Weldon Spring, Missouri, Site 28

29. Weldon Spring Site - Interpretive Center 29

30. Weldon Spring Site – Hiking/Biking Trails 30

31. Weldon Spring Site – Pollinator Health 31

32. Beneficial Reuse - Disposition In December 2010, LM transferred the 1,470-acre Salmon, Mississippi, Site to the State of Mississippi 32 Remediation in early 1970 Salmon Site as it appears today

33. Beneficial Reuse – Disposition In February 2014, LM transferred an additional 756 acres at the Rocky Flats, Colorado, Site to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 33

34. Beneficial Reuse – Disposition In 2006, DOE transferred 6.5 acres to Wayne Township for park and recreational use under the National Park Service’s Land to Parks Program. The township has constructed a public playground and dog park on the site 34

35. Additional Dispositions Canonsburg, Pennsylvania, Site – UMTRCA (2011) New Brunswick, New Jersey, Site – FUSRAP (2009) Grand Junction, Colorado, Site (additional parcel) – D&D (2010) Monticello, Utah, Site (Parcel 1081) – UMTRCA (2011) Monticello, Utah, Site (Parcel 962) – UMTRCA (2014) Spook, Wyoming, Site (Acid Pond Parcel) – UMTRCA (2015) 35