1. BLOOD GLUCOSE

2. © 2008 Thomson - Wadsworth Glucose in the Body A Preview of Carbohydrate Metabolism – The body stores glucose as glycogen in liver and muscle cells. – The body uses glucose for energy if glycogen stores are available. – If glycogen stores are depleted, the body makes glucose from protein. Gluconeogenesis is the conversion of protein to glucose. Protein-sparing action is having adequate carbohydrate in the diet to prevent the breakdown of protein for energy.

3. © 2008 Thomson - Wadsworth Glucose in the Body A Preview of Carbohydrate Metabolism – Making ketone bodies from fat fragments The accumulation of ketone bodies in the blood is called ketosis. Ketosis upsets the acid-base balance in the body. – The body can use glucose to make body fat when carbohydrates are consumed excessively.

4. Glucose Homeostasis Blood contains glucose which is an important source of energy for the body, including the brain and nervous system. The glucose in blood must be kept within a normal range for the body to work properly. If it rises or falls significantly, the body can usually bring it back to normal. This process is called homeostasis.

5. Regulation of glucose by hormones Hormones are chemical messengers produced in one part of the body and carried in the blood to cause some action in another part of the body. Different hormones have different actions. The level of glucose is regulated by the hormones, insulin and glucagon, both released by the pancreas.

6. When blood glucose rises The amount of glucose in blood increases after a meal. This is called hyperglycaemia. Insulin is released from the pancreas and causes the cells in the body, the liver, muscle and fat tissues in particular, to take up glucose from the bloodstream. This reduces the amount of glucose in blood and the pancreas stops producing insulin. The blood glucose level then falls back to normal.

7. When blood glucose falls As the body takes up the glucose in blood for energy, its level falls. The pancreas releases glucagon, which has the opposite effect from insulin. It increases the level of glucose in the blood by stimulating the liver to release glucose. Other hormones are also produced when the blood glucose level falls too low, e.g. adrenaline and cortisol. These help to bring the level of glucose in the blood back to normal.

8. © 2008 Thomson - Wadsworth Glucose in the Body The Constancy of Blood Glucose – Maintaining Glucose Homeostasis Low blood glucose may cause dizziness and weakness. High blood glucose may cause fatigue. Extreme fluctuations can be fatal.

9. © 2008 Thomson - Wadsworth Glucose in the Body The Constancy of Blood Glucose – The Regulating Hormones Insulin moves glucose into the cells and helps to lower blood sugar levels. Glucagon brings glucose out of storage and raises blood sugar levels. Epinephrine acts quickly to bring glucose out of storage during times of stress. – Balance glucose within the normal range by eating balanced meals regularly with adequate complex carbohydrates. – Blood glucose can fall outside the normal range with hypoglycemia or diabetes.

11. © 2008 Thomson - Wadsworth

12. Glucose in the Body The Constancy of Blood Glucose – Diabetes Type 1 diabetes is the less common type with no insulin produced by the body. Type 2 diabetes is the more common type where fat cells resist insulin. Prediabetes is blood glucose that is higher than normal but below the diagnosis of diabetes. – Hypoglycemia is low blood glucose and can often be controlled by dietary changes.

13. © 2008 Thomson - Wadsworth Glucose in the Body The Constancy of Blood Glucose – Glycemic response is how quickly the blood glucose rises and elicits an insulin response. Glycemic index classifies foods according to their potential for raising blood glucose. Glycemic load refers to a food’s glycemic index and the amount of carbohydrate the food contains. The benefit of the glycemic index is controversial.

14. © 2008 Thomson - Wadsworth Health Effects and Recommended Intakes of Sugars Sugar poses no major health problem except dental caries. Excessive intakes may displace nutrients and contribute to obesity. Consuming foods with added sugars should be limited. Naturally occurring sugars from fruits, vegetables and milk are acceptable sources.

15. © 2008 Thomson - Wadsworth Health Effects and Recommended Intakes of Sugars Health Effects of Sugars – Foods with added sugars have sugars listed as a first ingredient. – Nutrient deficiencies may develop from the intake of empty kcalories. Just because a substance is natural does not mean it is nutritious. Dental caries may be caused by bacteria residing in dental plaque and the length of time sugars have contact with the teeth.

16. © 2008 Thomson - Wadsworth Health Effects and Recommended Intakes of Sugars Controversies Surrounding Sugars – Excessive sugar intake can contribute to the development of body fat. – Sugar may be able to alter blood lipid levels and contribute to heart disease in some. – There is no scientific evidence that sugar causes misbehavior in children and criminal behavior in adults. – There is a theory that sugar increases serotonin levels, which can lead to cravings and addictions.

17. © 2008 Thomson - Wadsworth Health Effects and Recommended Intakes of Sugars Recommended Intakes of Sugars – The USDA Food Guide states that added sugars can be included in the diet as part of discretionary kcalories. – Dietary Guidelines state to limit intake of foods and beverages that are high in added sugars. – DRI suggest added sugars should contribute no more than 25% of a day’s total energy intake.