1. All of the following glands consist of paired or multiple structures except the ________. 1.ovary 2.testes 3.thymus 4.parathyroid 5.adrenal 12345

2. The so-called "flight or fight" response is mediated by which hormone(s)? 1.epinephrine and norepinephrine 2.insulin 3.testosterone 4.thyroid hormone and calcitonin 5.cortisol 12345

3. Cortisol, like all other adrenal cortical hormones, is a steroid; its action is related to ________. 1.the activation of an inactive enzyme via cAMP 2.the generation of a second messenger within the target cell 3.ligand binding to a membrane receptor 4.interaction in some way with the promoter portion of a gene 5.the activity of a kinase within the target cell 12345

4. Pesticide contamination and errors in frog metamorphosis ________. 1.have been shown to be unrelated to one another 2.appear to be related to a disruption of thyroid function 3.seem to occur when pollutants mimic the action of thyroid hormone and growth becomes too rapid 4.are difficult to demonstrate since pesticides typically have low solubilities in water 5.are intensified when tadpoles living in polluted water receive supplemental thyroid hormone 12345

5. All of the following can contribute to rickets except ________. 1.low dietary calcium 2.low concentrations of vitamin D 3.low secretions of PTH 4.kidney failure 5.low secretion of calcitonin 12345

6. Some patients have hypothyroidism, but not a goiter; a situation occurring when ________. 1.iodine consumption is low 2.the hypothalamus overproduces TRH 3.thyroid hormone levels rise above the set point 4.excessive iodine has been consumed 5.the thyroid fails to produce TSH 12345

7. Type 2 diabetes is characterized by ________. 1.unusually low insulin production 2.symptoms which typically begin during childhood 3.blood sugar levels which are unusually low 4.the receptors on target cells becoming less responsive to insulin 5.insulin injection replacement therapy 12345

8. Which type of signaling molecule diffuses through the air or water to target other individuals of the same species? 1.hormones 2.pheromones 3.neurotransmitters 4.local signaling molecules 5.eicosanoids 12345

9. During stressful situations such as Hurricane Katrina, the body may produce high levels of secretions from the ________. 1.adrenal cortex 2.adrenal medulla 3.parathyroid gland 4.posterior pituitary 5.pineal gland 12345

10. The secretion of hormones by the anterior pituitary is often controlled by releasing hormones secreted by the ________. 1.thalamus 2.anterior pituitary 3.hypothalamus 4.posterior pituitary 5.pineal 12345

11. Cortisol is produced by the adrenal gland. In its feedback loop, low levels of cortisol first stimulate the ________. 1.anterior pituitary to secrete ACTH 2.adrenal gland to secrete cortisol 3.posterior pituitary to secrete ACTH 4.hypothalamus to secrete corticotropin releasing factor 5.adrenal medulla to secrete corticotropin stimulating hormone 12345

12. Which of the following serves as both a hormone and a neurotransmitter? 1.acetylcholine 2.somatotropin 3.norepinephrine 4.insulin 5.epinephrine 12345

13. Robert Wadlow, the world's tallest human, was 8'11" he suffered from an overproduction of ________. 1.somatotropin 2.thyrotropin 3.adrenocorticotropin 4.prolactin 5.calcitonin 12345

14. Which of the following hormone pairs have antagonistic effects? 1.glucagon/insulin 2.epinephrine/norepinep hrine 3.parathyroid/thyroxin 4.estrogen/testosterone 5.none of the choices 12345

15. Tadpoles which develop in pesticide-contaminated waters often show developmental abnormalities; these abnormalities can be reduced by the addition of what hormone to the water? 1.testosterone 2.thyroxin 3.insulin 4.melatonin 5.thymosin 12345

16. Biologists suspect that melatonin may be associated with ________. 1.decreasing age of puberty in children who watch evening television 2.jet lag 3.difficulties in sleeping reported by students who spend hours at computers 4.drowsiness associated with dim lighting 5.all of the choices 12345

17. In Graves' disease, ________ causes weight loss, anxiety, tremors, heat intolerance, and protruding eyes. 1.hypoglycemia 2.hyperglycemia 3.hyperthyroidism 4.acromegaly 5.ketoacidosis 12345

18. Insulin shock occurs when ________. 1.a diabetic administers too much insulin or forgets to eat 2.insulin level fall and blood sugar levels rise 3.ketoacidosis lowers the pH of the blood 4.a diabetic patient is given something containing sugar 5.target cells fail to recognize insulin 12345

19. Diabetes describes two different endocrine disorders; in diabetes insipidus ________. 1.blood sugar levels are typically high 2.ADH production is low and urinary output is abnormally high 3.hands and feet grow excessively large 4.blood sugar levels are typically low due to insulin irregularities 5.calcium is lost from bones, which become brittle and break easily 12345

20. All of the following hormones are regulated at some level by the hypothalamus except ________. 1.thyroid hormone 2.cortisol 3.testosterone and estrogen 4.glucagon 5.oxytocin 12345