1. Chapter 1: An Introduction to the Human Body BIO 137 Anatomy & Physiology I

2. Why study A & P? To Understand structure - ANATOMY To Study the function of a structure - PHYSIOLOGY Structure is ALWAYS related to function

3. How is the structure of the hand related to its function?

4. How is the structure of the heart related to its function?

5. Subdivisions of Anatomy Gross Anatomy is the study of structures with the naked eye. Histology is the study of tissues. Cytology, like histology, uses a microscope, but restricts the study to individual cellular structures. This micrograph is typical of an histological and cytological examination under light microscopy

6. Levels of Organization  In this course, we will study Anatomy and Physiology by starting with the most basic level of organization (atoms) and “working our way up”.

7. Levels of Structural Organization Subatomic Particles Atoms Molecules Macromolecules Organelles Cell Tissue Organ Organ system Organism Least Complex Most Complex

8. Chemical Levels of Organization Subatomic Particles – Protons, neutrons and electrons in combination, form Atoms (of elements) – Smallest part of an element that retains the properties of the element Molecules – 2 or more atoms bonded together Water molecule, glucose molecule H2OH2O –– O H H ++ ++

9. Cellular Level of Organization The Cell is next in complexity, in fact many billions of times more complex than molecules. – Cells (and this is important!) are the basic structural and functional units of an organism. There are many different kinds of cells in the human body. The size and shape of a cell is directly related to its function!

10. Tissue Level of Organization Tissues are groups of cells that work together to perform a similar function. While there are many different types of cells, they all work to form 4 basic types of tissues: Epithelium Connective Tissue  Nervous  Muscle

11. Organ Level of Organization Organ Structures composed of 2 or more different types of tissues that work together to perform special functions Organ System Groups of related organs with a common function Organism Individual living things Collection of all organ systems

12. What defines something as living? Essential Life Processes

13. Characteristics of Life ARE SHARED BY ALL LIVING ORGANISMS Growth Reproduction Movement Respond and adapt to the environment differentiation Use resources from the environment for Energy – Metabolism (Cellular Respiration) – Digestion, absorption and excretion

14. Homeostasis Maintenance of a equilibrium in the body’s internal environment – pH, ion concentrations, blood pressure, heart rate, fluid balance Organ systems work together to maintain homeostasis Deviations from normal can cause damage or death

15. Control of homeostasis is constantly being challenged by: – Physical insults such as intense heat or lack of oxygen – Changes in the internal environment such as a drop in blood glucose due to lack of food – Physiological stress such as demands of work or school Disruptions are mild if balance is quickly restored. Homeostasis

16. The Body’s Internal Environment: Interactions occur between compartments in the body

17. Cycle of events: – Body is monitored – Each monitored variable is termed a controlled condition. Three basic components: – Receptor – Control center – Effector Feedback System Homeostasis is maintained through negative feedback:

18. Homeostasis Components of a negative feedback model: – Stimulus – change in internal environment – Receptors – monitors changes in a controlled condition in the body – Control Center – sets the range of values to be maintained – Effectors – structures involved in returning internal environment to normal – Response of effectors

19. Negative Feedback systems: – Reverses a change in a controlled condition: most body processes are controlled by negative feedback! Regulation of body temperature Regulation of blood pressure Regulation of blood glucose levels Positive Feedback systems: – Strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the body’s controlled conditions Normal child birth Feedback System

20. Example of Negative Feedback Responses to an Increase in Body Temperature (Stimulus) Effectors Sweat Glands Superficial Blood Vessels Heart Diaphragm Responses Sweat Dilate Heart rate increases Breathing rate increases

21. Example of Negative Feedback Responses to a Decrease in Body Temperature (Stimulus) Effectors Sweat Glands Superficial Blood Vessels Heart Diaphragm Skeletal Muscle Responses Become Inactive Constrict Heart rate decreases Breathing rate decreases Shivering

22. Homeostasis of Blood Sugar Regulation What are the two types of stimulus? What type of receptor detects this change? What organ responds to the stimuli? What two hormones are produced? What are the functions of these hormones?

23. Diagram Blood Sugar Homeostasis

25. There are 12 organ systems that function together to make up A human organism. All of these organ systems work together to maintain homeostasis of all activities in the body

26. Organ systems work together to maintain homeostasis

27. Organ System Overview Body Covering (Function) – Integumentary Support and Movement – Skeletal, Muscular Integration and Coordination – Nervous, Endocrine

28. Organ System Overview Transport – Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Immune Absorption and Excretion – Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary Reproduction

29. For each organ studied, you should be able to: Identify the organ Place the organ in its organ system Name the function of the system

30. Organ Systems: Body Covering

32. Organ Systems: Support and Movement

34. Organ Systems: Integration and Coordination

36. Organ Systems: Transport and Protection (Immune)

38. Organ Systems: Absorption and Secretion

40. Organ Systems: Reproduction