1. Macromolecules Chemistry of Life Notes Part 3

2. Remember: Key Elements in Biological Systems C H N O P S Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorous Sulfur

3. Biology = Carbon Based

4. Importance of Carbon Abundant Versatile Tetravalent – Forms 4 bonds – Leads to LOTS of variety

5. Macromolecules Large! Accomplish all life functions Types: Carbohydrates, lipids*, proteins, nucleic acids

6. Macromolecules – Building Blocks Monomer – the repeating subunits of polymers; building blocks Polymer – long molecule consisting of many similar subunits Building/breaking molecules rely on H2O

7. Polymer Synthesis Term note: Synthesis = to make or form Dehydration Synthesis – Water is removed – Bonds form between two monomers – One molecule donates –OH and the other molecules donate the –H Put it together = H2O

9. Polymer Breakdown Term note: Hydro = water; Lysis= to split Hydrolysis Reactions – Water is added – Break bonds between monomers using water – Allows food to be digested

11. Carbohydrates!

12. Carbohydrates Other terms: Sugars or starches Elements: C, O, H Monomer = monosaccharide – Examples: glucose, fructose

13. Carbohydrates – Monomer Shape DRAW:

14. Carbohydrates Special structure: 2 monomers together – Disaccharide Polymer = polysaccharide

15. Polysaccharides – Energy storage Polysaccharides are great for short term storing of energy Plants: Energy storage in starch (sugar) molecules Animals: Energy storage in glycogen molecules

16. Polysaccharides - Structure Plants: Cellulose is the structure molecule for cell walls Animals and Fungi: Chitin is the structure molecule (exoskeleton in bugs, cell walls in fungi)

17. Cellulose – Strong!

19. Lipids!

20. Lipids Other terms: waxes, fats, and oils Elements: C, H, and O Monomers: Three major types – Triglyceride (glycerol and fatty acid chains) – Phospholipids – Steroids

21. Glycerol Fatty acid chains

22. Lipids Key features: – Lipids are nonpolar – Lipids are hydrophobic  Hate water!

23. Fats (Triglycerides) Long term energy storage and insulation 1 glycerol & 3 fatty acid chains Types: Saturated and unsaturated (unhealthy)

24. Phospholipids Essential structures of cell membranes Polar heads Nonpolar tails

25. Steroids Hormones and body functions Example: Cholesterol

26. Proteins!

27. Proteins Elements: C, H, O, N, and some S Monomer: – Amino Acid – 20 types! Polymer: – Polypeptide chain Label and draw the amino acid!

28. Proteins Key Features: – Control most functions in humans – Very diverse

29. Proteins  Basic Functions Enzymes Structure/support Transport of substances Hormones Cell communication Protection against disease

31. Nucleic Acids!

32. Nucleic Acids Elements: C, H, O, N, and P Monomer = nucleotides – Structure: Phosphate + sugar backbone Nitrogenous base

33. Nucleic Acids Polymers: DNA & RNA Functions: – DNA = genetic material organisms inherit from parents – Blueprint for proteins + information storage molecules

34. RNA vs. DNA