1. In vivo conservation of animal genetic resources: challenges in practice Kor Oldenbroek Centre for Genetic Resources the Netherlands (CGN) Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences (WIAS)

2. In vivo conservation of farm AnGR Theory Optimal programs and guidelines Practice Dutch experiences in cattle, pigs, goats, sheep, poultry, horses and dogs

3. Issues in cattle Dutch Friesian (rotation) MRIJ (prog. testing; organic?) Deep Red (adaptation) Groningen White headed (change) Red Friesian (change) White belted (phenotype) Line back (breed?)

4. Issues in pigs No Dutch breed left Low number outside pig intensive farming system Bentheimer (regional; linebreeding to avoid inbreeding)

5. Issues in goats Dutch landrace (Nordic) Based on a few founders Crossbreeding? with? Dutch Black and White? Extinct? / Fenotype (color pattern is original) Influence of Saanen breed

6. Issues in sheep Dairy sheep Dairy sheep Cheese production Black Blazed Mixture; short history Hobby breed (pasture maintenance)

7. Issues in heath sheep Regional breeds Hobby breeders <> flocks Nature management Strict rules for subsidies Rotation schemes

8. Issues in chicken Hobby breeding 18 Dutch (different) breeds No population management Fenotype dominant Inbreeding (used as methodology to reach goals)

9. Four native Dutch horse breeds

10. Dutch Harness (Warm Blood) horse Based on Groningen and Gelderlander breed High contributions of a limited number of sires (breed standard!) Delta F = 2 % per generation! 1970: Hackney influence 1990: Am. Saddlebred 2010: ??? Breeding advice based on relationship

11. Horses issues (local breeds, base DWH) Groningen breed 1970: one sire left Reconstructed with NW Europe breeds Three different “herdbooks” Gelderlander Important breed up to 1970 No clear breeding goal Genetic purity in discussion

12. Issues in horses Friesian Three bottle necks Inbreeding depression Restricted matings / male Draught Related to Belgium Draught horse “Show” animal

13. Issues in dogs (7 Dutch breeds) Small populations with sometimes subpopulations Males are castrated early in life Owners of females have or want to have no experience with litters Strict restrictions on the number of litters per female (welfare issue) Restricted number of matings per male (herd book issue; females)

14. Opportunities and threats Opportunities Support breeding organizations Organic production Regional products Nature management Green care farms Hobby farming / breeding Threats Focus organizations main stream (genomic selection) Sanitary rules main stream High (labor) costs, less income Exotic breeds (Scottish Highland) Breed standard Hobby breeders / herdbooks

15. Issues (theory versus practice) Change in production goal (ex situ in vivo; adaptive traits) Breed definition: genetic purity Breeding program: number of males Population size was or is critical Effective population size: inbreeding (user friendly programs are needed) Selection: often too strong in males Mating: limitations in number of matings per sire / dam

16. Thank you! Questions?