1. 6810.04 part 2

3. A. Dairy 1. Holstein are known for their black and white markings and for producing the most milk. 90 % of dairy cattle in the US are Holstein.

5. A. Dairy 2. Jersey, though the smallest dairy breed, is the 2 nd most popular breed due to its’ number one rank in butterfat production

7. A. Dairy 3. Guernsey and Ayrshire are other popular dairy breeds

11. B. Beef 1. Predominant English breeds in the U.S. a. Angus – black breed of cattle known for excellent meat quality.

13. B. Beef b. Hereford (horned and polled) – are red cattle with a white face.

16. B. Beef 2. Exotic breeds were imported into the U.S. when consumers began demanding leaner meat.

17. B. Beef a. Exotic breeds have calves that grow faster than English breeds. b. Example: Simmental

18. Simmental

19. American Breeds 3. American breeds were developed to withstand the heat and resistance to disease and parasites in the South and Southwest.

20. American Breeds a. American breeds resulted from crossing Brahman cattle from India with English breeds.

22. American Breeds b. The result was increased heat tolerance and disease and parasite resistance of Brahman and the meat quality of the English breeds. c. Example: Brangus the result of Brahman x Angus.

24. Beef Terms Bovine - cattle Bull - Adult Male used for breeding Cow - Adult Female Steer – Castrated male used for meat Heifer – young female Calf – baby

26. C. Swine 1. The swine industry has changed greatly from the lard type hogs of the past to the lean type hogs in demand today.

27. C. Swine 2. Types of swine operations: a. Feeder –pig producers b. Market hogs c. Farrow to Finish

28. Farrow To give birth

29. Feeder Swine Operation

30. Market: Hog Producers

31. Farrowing to Finishing

32. C. Swine 3. Purebred producers produce high-quality boars. a. To improve the genetic make- up of one breed of swine. b. Purebred boars bred to crossbred sows increase hybrid vigor (ex. muscling).

33. Hybrid Vigor Cross pure bred boars with cross bred sows

34. Terms Swine – Hogs Boar – Adult male Sow - adult female Gilt – Young female Barrow – castrated male Piglet - baby

35. C. Swine Breeds a. Duroc, - reddish brown b. Hampshire – black and white c. Yorkshire - white

41. D. Poultry 1. Chickens are classified as layers or broilers a. Broilers are young chickens grown for their meat. Most broilers can trace their ancestors back to the Cornish breed.

43. D. Poultry b. Layers are chickens developed to produce large numbers of eggs (White leghorn –foundation breed).

44. D. Poultry 2. Breeds a. White Leghorn (layer) – are white bodied with red combs.

45. D. Poultry b. Nearly all of the broiler and layer types used in the industry today are the result of crossbreeding to maximize production.

47. D. Poultry 3. Turkeys -90% of commercially raised turkeys are the Broad- Breasted White variety. 4. Most poultry farms have thousands of birds in production.

49. E. Equine 1. Uses a. Show b. Racing c. Recreation- pleasure riding, rodeo, draft horses, etc.

51. E. Equine 2. Breeds – 3 of the most popular breeds of light horses in the U.S. a. Quarter horse – riding, hunting, and working cattle

53. E. Equine 2. Breeds – 3 of the most popular breeds of light horses in the U.S. b. Thoroughbred: racing

55. E. Equine 2. Breeds – 3 of the most popular breeds of light horses in the U.S. C. Arabian

56. Aquaculture Fish Farming

57. Water Quality The key/challenge to production of aquatic organisms. Water characteristics are measured regularly depending on the production system.

58. Dissolved Oxygen ( DO) levels in any fish system can become so low that fish die.

59. DO Levels 1) measured by oxygen probes or chemical tests and reported as 0-10 ppm. 2) Most fish can survive as low as 3 parts per million (ppm) but become stressed and succumb to other problems.

60. Trout 3) Rainbow trout require excellent or high levels of DO and can only be cultured in oxygen –saturated water.

61. Trout

62. Aerators Aerators are used to improved oxygen levels

64. Roll over Roll over is a condition where a pond’s water quality suddenly changes during certain weather conditions bring less- oxygenated water to the surface causing fish to die.

66. Water PH level pH – the measurement of acidity or alkalinity in water

67. ph 1) This factor affects the toxicity of soluble nutrients in the water. 2) Measured using a meter or litmus paper. 3) The scale is 0-14. Neutral is 7, below 7 is acidic, and above 7 is alkaline.

68. Ph meter

69. ph 4) Most aquatic plants and animals prefer a pH between 7 and 8.

70. Waste products Ammonia/nitrite/nitrate – waste products of aquatic animals that must be monitored. Ammonia and nitrite can accumulate to a level that is toxic to fish and often limits commercial production.

71. Nirtrates 1) Nitrate is ultimately converted to nitrogen gas or absorbed by plants. 2) The toxicity of ammonia is dependent on the pH.

72. Production Systems

73. Caged Culture contains the aquatic animals in a small confined area of a pond. Fish can be monitored for better growth rates and feeding purposes.

74. Cage Culture

75. 2) Water quality must be monitored to insure that the fish are not stressed since fish cannot move to other sections of the pond during stressful weather conditions.

76. Recirculating Tanks Circulate water (including waste) through a biological purifier and return it to the tank.

77. Recirculating tank

78. Hatcheries supply fry or larvae to units for fingerling production.

79. Trout adapted to systems involving cold (approximately 56 degrees running water.

80. Tilapia

81. Warm water b. Tilapia, catfish and striped bass are commonly raised species in warmer water.