1. LINGUISTIC LANGUAGE STUDIES DIACHRONIC AND SYNCHRONIC METHODS OF LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS; Diachronic (historical linguistics) – the study of language change and reconstruction of earlier stages of language, genetic relationship between languages; Synchronic linguistics – the study of language at a particular period of time; DIACHRONIC AND SYNCHRONIC METHODS OF LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS; Diachronic (historical linguistics) – the study of language change and reconstruction of earlier stages of language, genetic relationship between languages; Synchronic linguistics – the study of language at a particular period of time;

2. Language of Law The language of law being a semiotic system is a part of law system. Legal language particularities are due to the particularities of law itself, a high level of abstraction is one of them. Unlike other specific areas where terms define concrete objects, legal terms designate abstract notions and relations between them;

3. Legal language classification Language of the Law; Language of court decision; Language of law science and expertise; Language of written departmental communication; Administrative jargon: language of lawyers (legalese); Language of the Law; Language of court decision; Language of law science and expertise; Language of written departmental communication; Administrative jargon: language of lawyers (legalese);

4. Types of Legal Texts Lawmaking; Justice;(court decisions, claims, expertise); Administrative texts (departmental and departmental correspondence language); Lawmaking; Justice;(court decisions, claims, expertise); Administrative texts (departmental and departmental correspondence language);

5. Legal English borrowings Anglo-Saxon language: bequeath, goods, guilt, manslaughter, murder, oath, right, sheriff, steal, swear, theft, thief, ward, witness, writ, ordeal, moot; Law Latin: clerk, cleric, clergy, caveat emptor, versus; Scandinavian language: Law; Norman French: government, parliament, court, legal, justice; French influence in modern English – Squire - Esquire, attorney general; -er : demurrer, waiver; Anglo-Saxon language: bequeath, goods, guilt, manslaughter, murder, oath, right, sheriff, steal, swear, theft, thief, ward, witness, writ, ordeal, moot; Law Latin: clerk, cleric, clergy, caveat emptor, versus; Scandinavian language: Law; Norman French: government, parliament, court, legal, justice; French influence in modern English – Squire - Esquire, attorney general; -er : demurrer, waiver;

6. PARTICULARITIES OF LEGAL ENGLISH TERMINOLOGY : Archaisms, Latin terms, specific meaning of common words (sentence, construction, entertain etc.) SYNTAX: -Complex phrases (conjoined phrases –the rest, residue and remainder…); -Complex sentences (Left-branching sentences); -Specific Sentence Structure (splitting the verb complex); -Multiple negation; -Use of the Passive Voice; TERMINOLOGY : Archaisms, Latin terms, specific meaning of common words (sentence, construction, entertain etc.) SYNTAX: -Complex phrases (conjoined phrases –the rest, residue and remainder…); -Complex sentences (Left-branching sentences); -Specific Sentence Structure (splitting the verb complex); -Multiple negation; -Use of the Passive Voice;

7. The Plain English Movement The problem of legal language comprehensibility in the works of famous writers and statesmen - J. Swift, Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, G. Orwell; E. Gowers “The Complete Plain Words”, 1954; David Melinkoff “The Language of the Law”, 1963; Richard Wydick “Plain English for Lawyers” 1979. Plain English Movement was initiated within the movement for Customer rights in the 1960s; The problem of legal language comprehensibility in the works of famous writers and statesmen - J. Swift, Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, G. Orwell; E. Gowers “The Complete Plain Words”, 1954; David Melinkoff “The Language of the Law”, 1963; Richard Wydick “Plain English for Lawyers” 1979. Plain English Movement was initiated within the movement for Customer rights in the 1960s;

8. Law on Plain English Statute of Pleading, 1362; 1970 - President R. Nixon ‘s decree to use plain English in federal government publication The Federal Register; 1978 - President J. Carter James signed an executive order that required Federal regulations to be simple and clear; At the time of R. Reagan Commerce Secretary emphasized the effectiveness of plain language in business and management; 1978 -New York enacted America’s first plain language law; other states followed; Plain English movement spread to the UK and Australia; Statute of Pleading, 1362; 1970 - President R. Nixon ‘s decree to use plain English in federal government publication The Federal Register; 1978 - President J. Carter James signed an executive order that required Federal regulations to be simple and clear; At the time of R. Reagan Commerce Secretary emphasized the effectiveness of plain language in business and management; 1978 -New York enacted America’s first plain language law; other states followed; Plain English movement spread to the UK and Australia;

9. Plain Language International Organizations Clarity International http://www.clarity-international.net/http://www.clarity-international.net/ Goals : Linking plain language advocates and encouraging them to share best practices and lessons learned; Publishing a twice-yearly journal, Clarity;Clarity Publishing the website; Planning a biennial conference; Coordinating with other organizations interested in plain language; Clarity International http://www.clarity-international.net/http://www.clarity-international.net/ Goals : Linking plain language advocates and encouraging them to share best practices and lessons learned; Publishing a twice-yearly journal, Clarity;Clarity Publishing the website; Planning a biennial conference; Coordinating with other organizations interested in plain language;

10. International Organizations Plain language Association International http://www.plainlanguagenetwork.org/ http://www.plainlanguagenetwork.org/ Center for Plain Language http://centerforplainlanguage.org/ http://centerforplainlanguage.org/ Plain language Association International http://www.plainlanguagenetwork.org/ http://www.plainlanguagenetwork.org/ Center for Plain Language http://centerforplainlanguage.org/ http://centerforplainlanguage.org/