1. Wireless Sensor Networks for Habitat Monitoring Alan Mainwaring, Joseph Polastre, Robert Szewczyk, and David Culler Intel Research Lab. / UCBerkely Seo, Dong Mahn

2. September 8, 20052/46 Contents Introduction Application Requirements System Architecture Design and Implementation Strategies Sensor Network Services Current Progress Additional materials Conclusion

3. September 8, 20053/46 Introduction Habitat and environmental monitoring Technical interests in these applications developing an appropriate sensor network architecture simple, concrete solutions application-driven approach actual problems from potential ones relevant issues from irrelevant ones collaboration with scientists in other fields

4. September 8, 20054/46 Introduction (cont.) Instrumentation of natural spaces with networked sensors long-term data collection at scales localized measurements detailed information integration of on-board processing, local storage, networking complex filtering and triggering functions application- and sensor-specific data compression algorithms

5. September 8, 20055/46 Introduction (cont.) complete integration produces smaller, low-power devices increased power efficiency  flexibility low-power radios with well-designed protocol A specific habitat monitoring application collection of requirements, constraints and guidelines basis for the resulting sensor network architecture in the real- world hardware and sensor platforms patch gateways, basestations and databases design and implementation of the essential network services power management, communications, retasking and node management

6. September 8, 20056/46 Application Requirements A.Field Stations and Research Overviews Great Duck Island (GDI) 44.09N, 68.15W, 237 acre, State of Maine focus on basic ecology, large breeding colonies of Leech’s Strom Petrels and other seabirds basic environmental parameters light, temperature, humidity, pressure entrance/exit events the James San Jacinoto Mountains Reserve (JMR) 33.48N, 116.46W, 29 acre, California NSF Center : sensing infrastructures, multimedia sensors monitoring ecosystems response of vegetation to climate changes acoustical sensing of birds for identification, estimation populations

7. September 8, 20057/46 Application Requirements (cont.) B.General application requirements 1)Internet access 2)Hierarchical network Field stations need host Internet connectivity and database systems Habitats are located up to several kilometers multiple patches of sensor networks 3 to 4 patches of 100 static (not mobile) nodes 3)Sensor network longevity run for 9 months from non-rechargeable power sources multiple field seasons

8. September 8, 20058/46 Application Requirements (cont.) 4)Operating off-the-grid operate with bounded energy supplies renewable energy 5)Management at-a-distance to monitor and manage sensor networks over the Internet except for installation and removal of nodes 6)Inconspicuous operation should not disrupt the natural processes or behaviors 7)System behavior SNs exhibit stable, predictable, and repeatable behavior

9. September 8, 20059/46 Application Requirements (cont.) 8)In-situ interactions Local interactions initial deployment, maintenance tasks PDA query a sensor, adjust operational parameters, or simply assist in location devices 9)Sensors and sampling light, temperature, infrared, relative humidity, barometric pressure acceleration/vibration, weight, chemical vapors, gas concentrations, pH, noise levels

10. September 8, 200510/46 Application Requirements (cont.) C.Data models Archiving sensor readings for offline data mining and analysis logs to databases in the wired, powered infrastructure nodal data summaries, periodic health-and-status monitoring

11. September 8, 200511/46 System Architecture lowest lever of the sensing application autonomous sensor nodes general purpose computational module programmable unit computation, storage, bidirectional communication with analog and digital sensors 2 advantages from traditional data logging systems can be retasked, can easily communicate application-specific sensing module smaller and cheaper individual sensors higher robustness cooperation multihop network, forwarding each other’s messages in-network aggregation

12. September 8, 200512/46 System Architecture (cont.) Sensor Gateway each sensor patch communicate with the sensor network and provides commercial WLAN AP is co-located with the base station additional computation and storage enough energy from a car battery Base Station power, housing communicates with the sensor patch via WLAN WAN, persistent data storage “custody transfer” model : SMTP messages, bundles

13. September 8, 200513/46 System Architecture (cont.) User interaction access the replica of the base station database easy integration with data analysis and mining tools remote control of the network PDA-sized device, gizmo

14. September 8, 200514/46 System Architecture (cont.)

15. September 8, 200515/46 System Architecture (cont.) Transit Network Basestation Gateway Sensor Patch Patch Network Base-Remote Link Data Service Internet Client Data Browsing and Processing Sensor Node

16. September 8, 200516/46 Design and Implementation Strategies A.Sensor Network Node UC Berkely motes, MICA single channel, 916MHz radio, 40kbps Atmel Atmega 103 microcontroller running at 4MHz 512KB nonvolatile storage 2 AA batteries, DC boost converter

17. September 8, 200517/46 Design and Implementation Strategies (cont.) B.Sensor Board environmental monitoring sensor board Mica Weather Board barometric pressure module 0.1 mbar from 300 to 1100mbar humidity sensor 1 picofarad (±3% relative humidity) thermopile, passive infrared sensor photoresistor, temperature unique combination of sensors variety of aggregate operations

18. September 8, 200518/46 Design and Implementation Strategies (cont.) I 2 C analog to digital converter 8 by 8 power switch interoperability 51 pin expansion connector

19. September 8, 200519/46 Design and Implementation Strategies (cont.) C.Energy budget run for 9 months, 2 AA batteries 2200mAh at volts, 8,148 mAh per day sleep state turning off sensors, radio, putting processor into sleep mode modify Mica motes with a Schottky diode

20. September 8, 200520/46 Design and Implementation Strategies (cont.) D.Electro-mechanical Packaging to protect the device, weather-proofing E.Patch Gateways CerfCube, StrongArm-based embedded system CompactFlash-based 802.11b Linux, IBM MicroDrive up to 1GB Solar panel F.Base-station installation JMR : T1 line, GDI : two-way satellite connetion turnkey system

21. September 8, 200521/46 Design and Implementation Strategies (cont.) G.Database Management System Postgres SQL database time-stamped reading from sensors health status of individual sensors network metadata H.User Interfaces GIS systems, statistics and data analysis packages powerful interfaces to relational databases web based interface, gizmo

22. September 8, 200522/46 Design and Implementation Strategies (cont.) Mica2-EPRB#2 IBM laptop #1 DB Web power strip Axis 2130 PTZ South Wireless bridge 4-port VPN router and 16-port Ethernet switch Power over LAN midspan DB IBM laptop #2 Mica2-EPRB#2 WWW power strip Southern WAP Satellite router Sensor Patch 916 MHz Power over LAN Midspan IR Burrow Camera #1 IR Burrow Camera #2 IR Burrow Camera #3 ) IR Burrow Camera #4 IR Burrow Camera #5 IR Burrow Camera #6 IR Burrow Camera #7 IR Burrow Camera #8 Axis 2401 Video Server 12VDC, 0.9A network Burrow Camera Configuration Northern WAP Ethernet switch Wireless bridge 12V PoL Active Splitter 110VAC service

23. September 8, 200523/46 Sensor Network Services A.Data sampling and collection cost of data processing and compression against cost of data transmission each packet 25bytes

24. September 8, 200524/46 Sensor Network Services (cont.) B.Communications hardware and a set of routing and media access algorithms GAF (Geographic Adaptive Fidelity), SPAN

25. September 8, 200525/46 Sensor Network Services (cont.) proposed approaches for scheduled communication initial routing tree  set each mote’s lever form gateway  schedule nodes  sleep state  following level is awaken and packets are relayed  until completed  entire network return to sleep mode path or subtree low power MAC protocol S-MAC, Aloha turning off radio during idle periods

26. September 8, 200526/46 Sensor Network Services (cont.) C.Network Retasking to adjust the functionality of individual nodes duty cycle, sampling rates … tiny virtual machine, Maté D.Health and Status Monitoring monitoring the mote’s health and the health of neighboring motes Health and monitoring messages sent to the gateway not reliable transport, low latency, infrequently

27. September 8, 200527/46 Current Progress deployed two small scale sensor networks in JMR and GDI all core architecture components plan to add an intermediate tier of WLAN need calibration or auto-calibration procedure current focus energy efficient strategies for multihop routing will evaluate intention to develop and package a habitat monitoring kit will be completed in 6 months goal is to tackle the technical problems and to meet the application requirements set

28. September 8, 200528/46 Additional Materials Node architecture advances Problems observed in previous deployment Size – motes were too large to fit in many burrows Packaging – did not provide adequate protection for electronics or proper conditions for sensors Reliability – last retreat talk; high rate of node loss, lack of scientifically meaningful environmental data Power consumption – boost converter a minimal return at a high price New generation of motes to address most of these concerns Platform based on mica2dot Primarily calibrated, digital sensors Multiple application-specific packaging, power, and sensing options

29. September 8, 200529/46 Additional Materials (cont)

30. September 8, 200530/46 Additional Materials (cont)

31. September 8, 200531/46 Additional Materials (cont) Miniature weather station Sensor suite Sensirion humidity + temperature sensor Intersema pressure + temperature sensor TAOS total solar radiation sensor Hamamatsu PAR sensor Radiation sensors measure both direct and diffuse radiation Power supply SAFT LiS02 battery, ~1 Ah @ 2.8V Packaging HDPE tube with coated sensor boards on both ends of the tube Additional PVC skirt to provide extra shade and protection against the rain

32. September 8, 200532/46 Additional Materials (cont) Burrow occupancy detector Sensor suite Sensirion humidity + temperature sensor Melexis passive IR sensor + conditioning circuitry Power supply GreatBatch lithium thionyl chloride 1 Ah battery Maxim 5V boost converter for Melexis circuitry Packaging Sealed HDPE tube, emphasis on small size

33. September 8, 200533/46 Additional Materials (cont) Software architecture advances Bi-directional communication with low-power listenting 0.1% duty cycle Parameter adjustment and query Sample rate changes, sensor status queries Improved power management scheme Fine granularity through StdControl interface 20 uA sleep mode Multihop deployment planned for July What it isn ’ t: GSK Emphasis on simplicity and reliability, rather than generality Compatible with most GSK server-side interfaces

34. September 8, 200534/46 Additional Materials (cont) Application status Sensor network 26 burrow motes deployed 12 weather station motes deployed (+2 for monitoring the insides of the base station case) Another 14 are awaiting deployment within days Redundant database setup online 2 base stations logging packets to 2 database servers Replication to Berkeley Verification infrastructure Overview cameras in place Burrow cameras temporarily offline, wireless bridge problem Video logging still needs to be synchronized with the mote data service

35. September 8, 200535/46 Additional Materials (cont) Packaging evaluation We observed what happens to motes when packaging fails Battery venting, H2SO3 corroding the entire mote Need to assemble the package correctly – we failed to create proper indication os a good seal Majority of packages survived severe weather! Still awaiting evaluation whether the package creates an environment suitable for sensing Convective heating, etc.

36. September 8, 200536/46 Additional Materials (cont)

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38. September 8, 200538/46 Additional Materials (cont)

39. September 8, 200539/46 Additional Materials (cont)

40. September 8, 200540/46 Additional Materials (cont)

41. September 8, 200541/46 Additional Materials (cont)

42. September 8, 200542/46 Additional Materials (cont) http://www.jamesreserve.edu/

43. September 8, 200543/46 Additional Materials (cont) http://www.greatduckisland.net/

44. September 8, 200544/46 Conclusion Habitat and environmental monitoring important class of sensor network applications collaborating with College of the Atlantic and the James Reserve low-level energy constraints of the sensor nodes data delivery requirements energy budget Tight energy bounds and the need for predictable operation guide the development of application architecture and services.

45. September 8, 200545/46 Reference http://www.jamesreserve.edu/ http://www.greatduckisland.net/ Robert Szewczyk, Joe Polastre, Alan Mainwaring, “ Fresh from the boat: Great Duck Island habitat monitoring ”, June 18, 2003 Alan Mainwaring, Joseph Polastre, Robert Szewczyk, David Culler, John Anderson, “Wireless Sensor Networks for Habitat Monitoring”, ACM WSNA’02, September 28, 2002, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. Joseph Robert Polastre, “Design and Implementation ofWireless Sensor Networks for Habitat Monitoring” Kemal Akkaya, Mohamed Younis, “A Survey on Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks” Wei Hong, “Overview of the Generic Sensor Kit (GSK)” Robert Szewczyk, “Application-driven research on TinyOS platform”

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