1. Chp 20-21 Water & Water Pollution RAD Guide June 21, 2016June 21, 2016June 21, 2016

2. Chp 20: Water Uses Explain how natural disasters can leave communities w/o fresh H 2 O. Earthquakes destroy pipes, floods mix sewage with fresh water Earthquakes destroy pipes, floods mix sewage with fresh water Unpotable: water that is unsafe to drink Unpotable: water that is unsafe to drinkvs. Potable- water that is safe to drink

3. How many liters of H 2 O does the average person in US use daily? 300 L 300 L (80 gal) daily

4. How much of H 2 O that’s used by people does industry use? How does lack of H 2 O affect industry? 44% 44% Availability of water affects where a company can relocate  generates jobs in community it chooses Availability of water affects where a company can relocate  generates jobs in community it chooses

5. How much of H 2 O people use does agriculture use? Define irrigation. 47% 47% Irrigation: process of bringing water to an area for use in growing crops Irrigation: process of bringing water to an area for use in growing crops

6. Describe the 5 types of irrigation. 1. F lood irrigation: flooding of area that is flat; high evaporation rate 2. F urrow irrigation: releases H2O into furrows dug b/w rows of crops; also high evaporation rate 3. D rip irrigation- very effective; perforated tubes deliver water to roots Drip Irrigation

7. 4. Overhead irrigation: use sprinkler system over tops of crops Efficient, but expensiveEfficient, but expensive 5. Subirrigation: water introduced naturally or artificially beneath soil; more efficient

8. Furrow irrigation Flood irrigation Overhead irrigation-sprinklers sub irrigation

9. Describe what happened in Mono Lake, CA. Saltwater lake fed by melting snow from mountains Saltwater lake fed by melting snow from mountains City diverted the melt  less water to lake  evaporation  increase salt  kill animals City diverted the melt  less water to lake  evaporation  increase salt  kill animals https://www.youtube.com/watch?v =XqmbZVQYAPs https://www.youtube.com/watch?v =XqmbZVQYAPs https://www.youtube.com/watch?v =XqmbZVQYAPs https://www.youtube.com/watch?v =XqmbZVQYAPs

10. Describe how surface H 2 O can turn into larger stream and oceans. Water from rain and melting snow travels as runoff Water from rain and melting snow travels as runoff Runoff carves grooves into land called rills Runoff carves grooves into land called rills Rills deepen to form larger streams Rills deepen to form larger streams Deposit into oceans Deposit into oceans

11. Describe how groundwater is formed. Water seeps through soil and into porous bedrock Water seeps through soil and into porous bedrock Groundwater collects in rock to form a layer = water table Groundwater collects in rock to form a layer = water table

13. What is an aquifer? How does H 2 O move through it? Aquifer: layer of porous rock that contains water Aquifer: layer of porous rock that contains water Water does not move at constant rate Water does not move at constant rate

14. What is overdraft? Name 2 problems with overdraft. Overdraft: when a body of water is drained faster than it is filled Overdraft: when a body of water is drained faster than it is filled 1. Saltwater Intrusion: saltwater mixes with aquifer  makes unpotable 2. Subsidence: water supports bedrock, so when removed, rock weakens and sinks https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p W4niTkVck8https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p W4niTkVck8 (FLORIDA MAN SWALLOWED BY SINKHOLE) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p W4niTkVck8

15. Subsidence example

16. Briefly mention what happened to Ogallala Aquifer. Largest aquifer in the world Largest aquifer in the world High plains states depend heavily on aquifer for irrigation of crops High plains states depend heavily on aquifer for irrigation of crops Predicted to dry up in 40 years because of overdraft Predicted to dry up in 40 years because of overdraft https://www.youtube.c om/watch?v=XXFsS94H F08 (Ogallala Aquifer) https://www.youtube.c om/watch?v=XXFsS94H F08 (Ogallala Aquifer) https://www.youtube.c om/watch?v=XXFsS94H F08 https://www.youtube.c om/watch?v=XXFsS94H F08

17. What is desalination & what can it be used for? Desalination: process by which salts are removed from water Desalination: process by which salts are removed from water Obtain fresh water for cooking, drinking, irrigation, and removes salt from agriculture waste water Obtain fresh water for cooking, drinking, irrigation, and removes salt from agriculture waste water

18. Explain 3 types of desalination. 1. Distillation: water evaporates, salt left behind

19. 3 types of desalination (continued) 2. Reverse Osmosis: saltwater forced through strainer that traps salt through strainer that traps salt 3. Freezing: forms ice and salt slush Slush removed leaving fresh iceSlush removed leaving fresh ice

20. What are 4 processes that are used to purify water? 1. A eration 2. S edimentation 3. F iltration 4. S terilization

22. Briefly describe process of water treatment. 1. Screens trap floating particles 2. Water allowed to stand undisturbed so sediment settles at bottom 3. Coagulants remove fine particles 4. Filter through fine sand 5. Air sprayed on it or falls as waterfall (O 2 purifies water) 6. Sterilize using chemicals or extreme heat

23. What are 2 substances used to purify water? What are benefits & disadvantages? Chlorine Chlorine –Produced and stored easily –Adds smell to water Ozone Ozone –Sterilizes more quickly –Expensive and difficult to store

24. Chp 21: Water Pollution Briefly describe the history of water pollution. 19 th century: most of world dumped garbage into closest waterway 19 th century: most of world dumped garbage into closest waterway –Led to cholera, typhoid fever, dysentery Then moved to ocean dumping Then moved to ocean dumping –Still a common practice

26. Ganges River-India- Majorly Polluted Ganges River Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mkPwEuflhKo

27. What is sewage? How much is dumped in ocean by US? Sewage: water that contains organic wastes from humans and industry; (sources are from toilets, sinks, dishwashers, etc.) Sewage: water that contains organic wastes from humans and industry; (sources are from toilets, sinks, dishwashers, etc.) 8.9 trillion liters each year!! 8.9 trillion liters each year!! PROBLEM: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DO NOT TREAT SEWAGE BEFORE IT IS DUMPED!! PROBLEM: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DO NOT TREAT SEWAGE BEFORE IT IS DUMPED!!

28. Boats dump a lot of sewage Cruise ship sewage Cruise ship sewage Cruise ship sewage

29. BE AWARE!! Some water drains directly to streams without being treated!

30. What is a sewage-treatment plant? Explain how sewage is treated. Facility that processes raw sewage before sewage is returned to surface water systems Facility that processes raw sewage before sewage is returned to surface water systems 1. Filter through screens (big particles) 2. Add bacteria and chemicals Breakdown organic materialBreakdown organic material SterilizeSterilize

31. Sewage Treatment Plant

32. How are diseases & water pollution related? What is a pathogen? Many disease carrying organisms spend part of life cycle in water Many disease carrying organisms spend part of life cycle in water Major problem for developing counties who have polluted water Major problem for developing counties who have polluted water Pathogen: parasites, bacteria, & viruses that cause disease Pathogen: parasites, bacteria, & viruses that cause disease –Typhoid fever –Cholera –Schistosomiasis –Malaria

34. Schistosomiasis

35. Malaria

36. What are 6 major sources of water pollution? 1. Agriculture -#1 source 2. Sewage-treatment plant 3. Industry 4. Urban runoff 5. Mining runoff 6. Construction runoff

37. What are 4 types of water pollutants? 1. P athogens 2. N utrients 3. S ediments 4. T oxic Chemicals

38. Why is agriculture such a major pollutant? Use of pesticides, fertilizers, plant & animal waste all pollute land and water Use of pesticides, fertilizers, plant & animal waste all pollute land and water

39. Define toxic chemicals. What is difference b/w inorganic & organic? Toxic chemicals: elements and compounds that are directly harmful to living things Toxic chemicals: elements and compounds that are directly harmful to living things –Inorganic: lack carbon –Organic: contain carbon

40. Identify & describe 4 types of inorganic chemicals. 1. Acids: runoff from mining (leaching), chemical plants, water-treatment facilities, etc. 2. Salts: runoff from mining, treatment, plants, direct discharge 3. Heavy metals: industrial processes (metal treatment, paint) ex. Mercury & lead… Rare earth video 4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= N1HiX0HiAuo 5. Plant nutrients: phosphates & nitrates from agriculture

41. Identify 6 examples of organic chemicals. How do they enter groundwater? Gasoline, oils, plastics, pesticides/fertilizers, solvents, wood preservative Gasoline, oils, plastics, pesticides/fertilizers, solvents, wood preservative Discharged into sewer systems that lead to lakes Discharged into sewer systems that lead to lakes Runoff Runoff

42. Why is crude oil the most common spill? Because transported along rivers & across oceans in huge amounts Because transported along rivers & across oceans in huge amounts Exxon Valdez: 1989 & Amoco Cadiz: 1978 Exxon Valdez: 1989 & Amoco Cadiz: 1978

43. Describe problems associated with radioactive water pollution. Waste difficult to store (solid & liquid) Waste difficult to store (solid & liquid) Liquid waste placed in steel containers and encased in concrete Liquid waste placed in steel containers and encased in concrete Can corrode over time and leak in ground water systems Can corrode over time and leak in ground water systems

44. Usually occurs in lakes by nuclear power plants or other industries Usually occurs in lakes by nuclear power plants or other industries Fish regulate body temp by water temp (b/c they’re cold blooded) Fish regulate body temp by water temp (b/c they’re cold blooded) Increase water temp  increase metabolism in fish, but decreases amount of oxygen in water Increase water temp  increase metabolism in fish, but decreases amount of oxygen in water Fish suffocate Fish suffocate Describe problems associated with thermal water pollution.

45. Explain the process of eutrophication. Large amounts of plant nutrients runoff into lake (nitrates & phosphates) Large amounts of plant nutrients runoff into lake (nitrates & phosphates) Accelerates plant & algae growth  no room Accelerates plant & algae growth  no room Plants die & decompose  increases # decomposer bacteria Plants die & decompose  increases # decomposer bacteria Lowers oxygen Lowers oxygen Animals die Animals die

46. Eutrophication

47. Why have laws to protect the water from pollution failed? 1. Laws not strong enough 2. Strong ones not enforced 3. Scientific reports not accurate 4. Difficult to determine who did polluting 5. Removal of factory can cause loss of jobs