1. Earth’s Magnetosphere Space Weather Training Kennedy Space Center Space Weather Research Center

2. Magnetic Field of the Earth The Earth's magnetic field is similar to that of a bar magnet. The magnitude varies over the surface of the Earth in the range 0.3 to 0.6 Gauss.

3. Earth’s Magnetic Field – Our Shield (not to scale) Magnetosphere Earth Magnetopause Sub-solar point The solar wind pushes and stretches Earth’s magnetic field into comet-shaped region called the magnetosphere. The magnetosphere and Earth’s atmosphere protect us from the solar wind and other kinds of solar and cosmic radiation.

4. Spatial Scales Magnetosphere Earth 1 R E (Earth’s radius) = 6370 km 1 R S (Solar radius) ~ 110 R E 1 AU (Distance between the Sun and the Earth ) ~ 215 R S

5. Magnetosphere for Southward and Northward IMF Orientation Magnetic Reconnection

7. Magnetosphere for Southward and Northward IMF Orientation

8. Magnetosphere: Northward IMF X: Earth to Sun Z: South to North Z X

9. Magnetosphere: Southward IMF

10. Magnetosphere: North to South Turning

11. meridional cut Y=0 equatorial cut Z=0 cross-tail cut X= -15 R E Magnetotail current sheet Magnetopause Magnetotai l Bow shock

12. Magnetosphere: Quiet vs. Compressed Geosynch. orbit Magnetopause

13. Magnetopause Stand-off Distance r0 <=6.6 Re – model product Events: Apr 5, 2010, Dec 28, 2010 Jan 6, 2011, 22:30 UT Non-event: Dec 1 – 7, 2010 Degree of compression of MP Due to Pdyn of solar wind (interplanetary shock or HSS)

14. Kp Geomagnetic activity index range from 0-9 disturbance levels of magnetic field on the ground - currents 1.Non-event - period of 12/01/2010 – 12/7/2010 2.Moderate event – April 5, 2010 3.Extreme event - Oct 29 – Oct 31, 2003 "planetarische Kennziffer" ( = planetary index). Threshold Kp>=6 http://bit.ly/Kp_layout

15. Inner Magnetosphere (up to ~ 10 RE) APL Plasmasphere Ring Current Van Allen Belts 1-10 eV 1-400 keV 400 keV – 6 MeV

16. Inner Magnetosphere Plasmas

17. Electron Total Flux. Energy 63.3 keV. Color Contour Earth radius Equatorial Plane Magnetopause Geosynch. Orbit

18. Ring Current: Quiet vs. Active

19. Horne et al., 2007, Nature Physics

20. Magnetic Storms

21. Substorms

22. Space weather impacts (credit: L. Lanzerotti/Bell Labs) Space Weather Impacts

23. Lagrange Point – L1 L1 (Solar Wind Monitor ACE location): ~ 200 R E sunward You can fit 1 Sun between the Earth and L1. 2 R S (Solar diameter) ~ 220 R E A dvanced C omposition E xplorer

24. Solar Wind Speed at ACE

25. Solar Wind Parameters at ACE on 04/05/2010 nT km/s part/cm 3 Magnetic field B x, B y, B z Velocity Density X: Earth to Sun Z: North to South

26. Magnetopause Stand-off Distance Degree of compression of MP due to dynamic pressure of solar wind March 17, 2015

27. Kp index Geomagnetic activity index - range from 0-9 disturbance levels of magnetic field on the ground – currents "planetarische Kennziffer" ( = planetary index). Threshold Kp>=6

28. HSS and Radiation Belt Electron Flux Enhancement NASA/GSFC, internal use only :-)

29. Energetic Proton Flux >10 MeV flux by GOES spacecraft Threshold: 10 pfu >100 MeV flux by GOES spacecraft Threshold: 1 pfu

31. Watch the video http://missionscience.nasa.gov/sun/ sunVideo_04magnetosphere.html

32. iSWA Layout: 07/12/2012