1. Chapter 16 – The Reformation of Europe

2. Section 1 – The Protestant Reformation

3. Christian Humanism
Leading Christian humanist was Desiderius Erasmus
Movement believed in the individual’s capacity
to understand Christ and his message
Felt that the Catholic Church should become
simpler
Felt that faith should be more inward and the
outward displays of faith were not as important
Erasmus laid the egg that Luther hatched.

4. Selling of indulgences was particularly despised
Church officials of the time were more associated with worldly pursuits of money and power than faith.
Selling of indulgences was particularly despised

5. Martin Luther – German monk and reformer
Luther was outraged by the corruption of the Church, particularly with the selling of indulgences. He laid out his issues with the Church in a document called the 95 Theses – nailed to the front door of the church in Wittenberg.

6. Luther’s plan of salvation – faith over deeds
In Luther’s attacks on the Church, he spared only two sacraments:
The Eucharist
Baptism

7. The Diet of Worms
Charles V demanded that Luther recant his position. The monk refused. This was after his excommunication by Pope Leo X.
A single friar who goes counter to all Christianity for a thousand years must be wrong. Charles V
Here I stand. I can do no other. God help me. Martin Luther

8. Lutheranism changed the cultural landscape in Europe.

9. Section 2 – The Spread of Protestantism

10. Swiss priest Ulrich Zwingli (left) represented one of the first deviations within Lutheranism or Protestantism.
He was killed by enemies of Protestantism. John Calvin (lower left) took up the movement.
Calvinism
Justification through faith
Omniscience of God explained pre-destination

11. Henry VIII of England The Act of Supremacy of 1534 Anne Boleyn
Thomas More
The Act of Supremacy of 1534

12. The Anabaptists Core beliefs: Complete separation of church and state
John of Leiden
Core beliefs:
Complete separation of church and state
Adult baptism in lieu of infant baptism
Practice the early form of Christianity

13. Impacts of the Protestant Reformation
Growth of public and secondary schools
Humanism as a teaching tool
Seizing Catholic properties brought a shot of wealth into local economy
Modification of views of marriage as it relates to priests and ministers

14. The Counter-Reformation – The Jesuits
The Society of Jesus or Jesuits were established in 1540.
Vow of absolute obedience to the pope
Schools were their major tool of conversion and education.
Were very successful in re-introducing Catholicism in predominantly Lutheran areas.
Ignatius of Loyola

15. The Counter-Reformation – Papacy Reform
Pope Paul III was the leader responsible for the demand for change and reform.
1535 – called for a reform commission to identify and create solutions for the problems of the Catholic Church
Called for a meeting on the matter, entitled the Council of Trent.
Pope Paul III

16. The Counter-Reformation – Council of Trent
The Council of Trent refers to a series of meetings of high Church officials between 1545 and 1563 in northern Italy.
Results?
Reaffirmed core Church doctrine in contrast to Reformation ideas.
Faith and good works required for salvation.
Seven sacraments and priestly celibacy were upheld as was the purgatory idea.
Indulgences outlawed