1. Course name: Pharmaceutical Microbiology-I Course Instructor: Nishat Jahan

2. Microbe, or microorganisms are minute living things that individually are usually too small to be seen with the unaided eye. ‘Micro’ means small or minute and ‘Bios’ is a Greek word that means life. (Microbe = Micro+bios) Micro-organisms: They are small organisms and are either microscopic or submicroscopic creatures. These populations are mainly unicellular but may be multicellular or even subcellular. The group includes: Bacteria Fungi (Yeasts and molds) Protozoa Microscopic algae

3. Microbiology Microbiology (from Greek mīkros, "small"; bios, "life"; and -logia) is the study of microscopic organisms. Microbiology includes the disciplines virology, mycology, parasitology, bacteriology, and so on. It is the discipline which is concerned with the study of microorganisms and their interactions with the environment. Pharmaceutical Microbiology mainly deals with the production of drugs by microbes, exploitation of microorganisms in the development of vaccine and production of recombinant protein to treat diseases which are untreatable by traditional methods.

4. Microbiology deals with The form, structure, reproduction, physiology, metabolism and classification of the microorganisms. The study of their distribution in nature. Their relationship to each other and other living organisms. Their effects on human beings and on other animals and plants. Their abilities to make physical and chemical changes in our environment. Their reaction to physical and chemical agents.

5. Classification of living organisms Linnaeus (1753) PlantaePlant, Algae Fungi and Bacteria AnimaliaProtozoa and Higher Animals Haeckel (1865) PlantaeMulticellular algae and Plants AnimaliaAnimals ProtistaMicroorganisms including Bacteria Whittaker (1969) -The Five Kingdom System of Classification PlantaeMulticellular algae and plants AnimaliaAnimals ProtistaProtozoa and single cell algae FungiMoulds and yeasts MoneraAll bacteria (Prokaryotes)

8. Differences between Procaryotes &Eucaryotes Features Eukaryotic CellProkaryotic Cell Nucleus:PresentAbsent Number of chromosomes:More than one One--but not true chromosome- Circular DNA Plasmids Cell Type:Usually multicellular Usually unicellular (some cyanobacteria may be multicellular) True Membrane bound Nucleus: PresentAbsent Example:Animals and PlantsBacteria and Archaea* Lysosomes and peroxisomes: PresentAbsent Microtubules:PresentAbsent or rare Endoplasmic reticulum:PresentAbsent Mitochondria:PresentAbsent Cytoskeleton:PresentMay be absent

9. Differeences cont.. Features Eukaryotic CellProkaryotic Cell Ribosomes:largersmaller Vesicles:Present Golgi apparatus:PresentAbsent Chloroplasts:Present (in plants) Absent; chlorophyll scattered in the cytoplasm Flagella: Microscopic in size; membrane bound Submicroscopic in size, composed of only one fiber Permeability of Nuclear Membrane: Selectivenot present Cell wall: Only in plant cells and fungi (chemically simpler) Usually chemically complexed Vacuoles:Present

10. Some distinctive characteristics of major groups of Microorganisms Micro- organisms Procaryotes Subcellular Eucaryotes

11. Prokaryotes (from Old Greek pro- before + karyon nut or kernel, referring to the cell nucleus, + suffix -otos, pl. -otes; also spelled "procaryotes") are organisms without a cell nucleus (= karyon), or any other membrane- bound organelles. Most are unicellular, but some prokaryotes are multicellular). Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells are organized into complex structures by internal membranes and a cytoskeleton. The most characteristic membrane bound structure is the nucleus. This feature gives them their name, (also spelled "eucaryote,") which comes from the Greek eu, meaning “true” and nucleus (= karyon). Animals, plants, fungi, and protists are eukaryotes. Sub-cellular cell: The infectious agents at the border line of the life, so small that they can be visualized only by the electron microscope.

12. Bacteria: Size ranges from 0.5µm-5.0μm. Prokaryotic; unicellular; simple internal structure; grow on artificial laboratory media; reproduction asexual, characteristically by simple cell division. Example: Salmonella typhi, Bacillus cereus. Viruses: Size ranges from 0.02μm-0.2µm. Do not grow in artificial laboratory media, reproduce only in living cells; obligate intracellular parasites. Example: Myxovirus, Herpes simplex. Fungi: 1. Yeasts: Size ranges from 5µm - 10μm. Eukaryotic; unicellular; grow on artificial laboratory media; reproduction by asexual cell division or sexual process. 2. Molds: Size ranges from 2μm - 10µm; Eukaryotic; Multicellular; cultivated in artificial laboratory media; reproduction by asexual and sexual processes. Example: Penicillium chrysogenum, Aspergillus niger.

13. Microbiology as a field of biology Microorganisms are exceptionally attractive models for life processes. They can be grown conventionally in the test tubes or flasks requiring less space and maintenance than larger plants and animals. They grow rapidly and reproduce at an usually high rate, some species of bacteria undergo almost 100 generations in a 24-hour period. Metabolic processes of microorganisms follow patterns that occur among higher plants and animals. In fact, the mechanisms by which the organisms (or their cells) utilize energy are same throughout the biological world. Some microorganisms have the unique ability of using either radiant energy or chemical energy and thus are like both plants and animals.

14. Microbiology as a field of biology Microorganisms are exceptionally attractive models for life processes. They can be grown conventionally in the test tubes or flasks requiring less space and maintenance than larger plants and animals. They grow rapidly and reproduce at an usually high rate, some species of bacteria undergo almost 100 generations in a 24-hour period. Metabolic processes of microorganisms follow patterns that occur among higher plants and animals. In fact, the mechanisms by which the organisms (or their cells) utilize energy are same throughout the biological world. Some microorganisms have the unique ability of using either radiant energy or chemical energy and thus are like both plants and animals.

15. Furthermore, some microorganisms, the bacteria in particular are able to utilize a great variety of chemical substances as their energy source— ranging from simple inorganic substances to complex organic substances. In microbiology we can study organisms in great detail and observe their life processes while they are actively metabolizing, growing, reproducing, aging, and dying. By modifying their environment we can alter metabolic activities, regulate, growth, and even change some details of their genetic pattern—all without destroying the organisms.

16. Microorganisms have a wider range of physiological and biochemical potentialities than-all other organisms combined. For example some bacteria are able to utilize atmospheric nitrogen for the synthesis of proteins and other complex organic nitrogenous compounds. Other species require inorganic or organic nitrogen compounds as the initial building blocks for their nitrogenous constituents. Some microorganisms synthesize all their vitamins, while others need to be furnished vitamins. By reviewing the nutritional requirements of a large collection of microorganisms, it is possible to arrange them from those with the simplest to those with the most complex requirements.

17. Scope of Pharmaceutical Microbiology : Different branch of Microbiology has different role in the advancement pharmaceutical sciences. Basic Microbiology: Virology, Bacteriology, Mycology, Phycology and Protozoology Environmental Microbiology: Including microbial ecology Definition of aeromicrobiology, air-borne pathogens and allergens. Medical Microbiology and Immunology: Human diseases and their causative agents. Role of various drugs in the treatment of those diseases. Antigen, antibody, structure and types of antibody, adjuvant, immune response. Industrial Microbiology: Production of Antibiotics and other drugs by microbes (including therapeutic proteins) Modern pharmaceutical biotechnology encompasses gene cloning and recombinant DNA technology. Gene cloning comprises isolating a DNA-molecule segment that corresponds to a single gene and synthesizing ("copying") the segment.

18. Recombinant DNA technology enables modifying microorganisms, animals, and plants so that they yield medically useful substances Genetic engineering is central to modern biotherapy’s backbone. Pharmaceutical biotechnology involves using microorganisms, macroscopic organisms, or hybrids of tumor cells and leukocytes: 1. to create new pharmaceuticals; 2. to create safer and/or more effective versions of conventionally produced pharmaceuticals; and 3. to produce substances identical to conventionally made pharmaceuticals more cost-effectively than the latter pharmaceuticals are produced.

19. Basic microbiology: It deals with Morphological characteristics: The shape and size of cells and the chemical composition and function of their internal structures. Physiological characteristics: For example, the specific nutritional requirement and physical conditions needed for growth and reproduction. Biochemical activities: How the microbe breaks down nutrients to obtain energy and how it uses the energy to synthesize cellular components. Genetic characteristics: Inheritance and variability of characteristics. Disease causing potential: Present or absent, for human, other animals, plants. Animals, includes the study of host resistance to infection. Ecological characteristics: The natural occurrence of microbes in the environment and their relationships with other organisms. Classification: The taxonomic relationships among groups in the microbial kingdom.

20. Major Fields of applied microbiology Microbial Physiology-The study of biochemical functions of microbial cells. It includes the study of microbial growth,microbial metabolism and microbial cell structure. Medical microbiology: Causative agents of diseases; diagnostic procedures; diagnostic procedures for identification of causative agents; preventive measures. Pharmaceutical microbiology: The study of microorganisms that are related to the production of antibiotics, enzymes, vitamins, vaccines, and other pharmaceutical products and that cause pharmaceutical contamination and spoil. Aquatic microbiology: Water purification; microbiological examination; biological degradation of waste; ecology. Agricultural microbiology: The study of agriculturally relevant microorganisms. This field can be further classified into the following: Plant microbiology and Plant pathology: The study of the interactions between microorganisms and plants and plant pathogens. Soil microbiology: The study of those microorganisms that are found in soil.

21. Aero microbiology: Contamination and spoilage; dissemination of diseases. Industrial microbiology: Production of medicinal products such as antibiotics and vaccines; fermented beverages; industrial chemicals; production of proteins and hormones by genetically engineered microorganisms. Food microbiology and Dairy microbiology: The study of microorganisms causing food spoilage and food borne illness. Using microorganisms to produce foods, for example by fermentation. Exo-microbiology: Exploration for life in outer space. Geochemical microbiology: Coal, mineral and gas formation; prospecting for deposits of coal, oil, and gas; recovery of minerals from low-grade ores. Environmental microbiology: The study of the function and diversity of microbes in their natural environments. This involves the characterization of key bacterial habitats such as, soil and groundwater ecosystems, open oceans or extreme environments (extremophiles). This field includes other branches of microbiology such as: Microbial ecology, Microbially-mediated nutrient cycling, Microbial diversity& Bioremediation Epidemiology: The study of the incidence, spread, and control of disease.

22. Application of Microbiology Many microbes are responsible for numerous beneficial processes such as industrial fermentation (e.g alcohol, dairy products), antibiotic production, as vehicle for cloning in higher organism such as plant. Microbes are used to produce biotechnologically important enzymes such as Taq polymerase, reporter genes for use in other genetic system. Bacteria can be used for the production of protein in industry. Different biopolymers such as polyamides, polysaccharides are produced from micro organisms. They are beneficial for biodegradation or bioremediation of domestic agricultural & industrial wastes. Recently it has been proposed that they can be used in cancer therapy.

23. Task Why microbiology is important for the food industry? Explain with few examples.