1. Paraphrasing and Quoting with APA

2. Paraphrasing is putting a source’s ideas in your own words and sentence structure. The idea still belongs to someone else, but you have expressed it in your own writing voice. Quoting is using the exact words, enclosed in quotation marks, of the source. Paraphrasing uses your own words, quoting uses the source’s words, but both provide source support and require APA citation to give credit to sources.

3. A source is an article, book, or other resource you have used to support you own ideas. Any idea you get from a source, any idea that is not original to you or from your common knowledge about a topic, belongs to someone else. That “someone else” must receive credit for his or her ideas. These ideas often are called “intellectual property,” and are considered similar to tangible property. Paraphrasing and quoting provide two ways of acknowledging source authors. Failing to give credit to sources is plagiarism.

4. Any type of borrowed information (not your own original writing) must be documented both in the context of the paper as well as on the references page. Borrowed information includes the following: summaries, paraphrases, quotations, dollar values, numbers, dates, percentages, statistics of any kind. Note: Summary and paraphrase take the words, ideas and research of others and put them in a writer’s own words. These ideas are still borrowed information.

5. Anything that is common knowledge does not need to be cited. Example: The Declaration of Independence was written in 1776. This is common knowledge and does not need to be cited. However, only the most obvious types of common knowledge do not have to be cited. When in doubt, cite.

6. APA is made up of two basic elements: the parenthetical in-text citation and the references page citations. The parenthetical in-text citations are so called because the information appears in parentheses in the text of an essay or article. The most basic form of these in-text citations includes the author’s last name and the date of publication. Example: (Smith, 2005) If an article has no author listed, an abbreviated version of the title takes the place of the author’s last name. Example: (“Not Criminal,” 2006). The references page includes an entry for each source used. This page at its most basic is arranged in alphabetical order by author’s last name or article title when no author is listed.

7. We use these basic parts of APA to document our use of sources as we paraphrase and quote the sources. For now, we will focus on just the first part of APA documentation: in-text citation. For example, the following slide shows an example of paraphrase with APA in-text citation.

8. Original source’s exact words: “Responsible parents of children who regularly use the Internet to research understand that being online and unsupervised is as dangerous as the infamous ‘stranger’ on the street.” – From page 25 of Gregory Smith’s 2006 article, “What Kids Find Online” Paraphrase (the essay writer’s words and syntax): Parents probably would not abandon their young children to the world outside the home, but Web searches without adult monitoring can be like playing alone in a park or beside a busy intersection (Smith, 2006). *Note: The words and sentence structure of the source have changed, but the idea is the same and has APA in- text citation to give credit to the source.

9. The rules for citing a quotation in text are only slightly different from the rules for paraphrasing. In fact, the only additions are quotation marks and, when available, a page number. The following slide demonstrates APA-cited quotation. Notice that the quotation must be a part of your sentence. It cannot stand alone in a paragraph.

10. Original source: “Responsible parents of children who regularly use the Internet to research understand that being online and unsupervised is as dangerous as the infamous ‘stranger’ on the street.” – From page 25 of Gregory Smith’s 2006 article, “What Kids Find Online” Online safety is possible if caregivers keep in mind that “being online and unsupervised is as dangerous as the infamous ‘stranger’ on the street” (Smith, 2006, p. 25). *Note: The exact words from the source are placed in quotation marks and the page number, which is available, is used in the citation. Not all sources include page numbers, but most Library articles in PDF format do provide page numbers.

11. Sources can 1. support our own reasoning and logic with expert opinion 2. add credibility to an idea 3. provide additional information Sources cannot 1. be the entire essay 2. string together to create entire paragraphs

12. Based on personal and common knowledge, the writer creates a brief paragraph about school uniforms School uniforms may level the playing field for students whose parents cannot or will not bow to fashion trends, but uniforms may also create a new battlefield for competition. Students look alike with the same colors and styles of clothing, but brand names and high price tags can still separate designer uniforms from discount versions. Shoes and accessories increase the division between uniform brands and costs, but the benefits of uniforms may outweigh these potential problems. The next slide shows this paragraph supported with paraphrase and one brief quotation.

13. School uniforms may level the playing field for students whose parents cannot or will not bow to fashion trends, but uniforms may also create a new battlefield for competition. Students look alike with the same colors and styles of clothing, but brand names and high price tags can still separate designer uniforms from discount versions. According to Johnson (2005), one in four students ranked uniform brand as the top priority for choosing clothing for school. Shoes and accessories increase the division between uniform brands and costs, but the benefits of uniforms may outweigh these potential problems. In fact, polls of thousands of secondary-school students indicate that young people would rather wear uniforms than so- called street clothes (Andersen, 2005). Parents tend to agree. In fact, a recent study shows that mothers rate school uniforms as “one of the top five stress reducers for the school day routine” (Kritchel, 2006, p. 75). All in all, uniforms seem destined for mixed reviews based on price versus convenience.

14. In general, paraphrase much, much more than you quote. Use quotation for distinctive words (“ask not what your country can do for you,”), some statistics you cannot otherwise change, or dialogue. Use paraphrase for everything else, trying always to simplify ideas for your readers. Above all, do not use a series of paraphrases and quotations as your whole paragraph. This is a compilation of sources; we are writing original work, not repeating our sources’ ideas only.

15. 1. From the 2006 article “Not Criminal, Just Hopeful” (no author listed and page number not available): “Second, the immigrants have aspirations most Americans can relate to. A new survey found that 92% worked, 98% wanted to learn English and 96% were happy to be fingerprinted and subjected to a criminal background check as part of a process that might lead to them becoming legal citizens.”

16. 2.From Donya C. Arias’s 2004 article “Alternative Medicines’ Popularity Prompts Concern,” page 6: “More than a third of U.S. citizens use some form of alternative and complementary medicine, according to a federal survey, and international public health officials are warning that such remedies need better regulation and monitoring.”

17. 3. From Brock Read’s 2006 article “Entertainment Officials Say Colleges Do Too Little to Fight Online Piracy,” page 36: “During several previous hearings, industry representatives had sought to portray colleges as partners in the fight against piracy. But last month the heads of the largest music and movie trade groups sharply criticized institutions that have chosen not to adopt antipiracy tactics endorsed by the industry.”

18. 4. From page 46 of Barbara Gomolski’s 2006 article “Confessions of a Full-time Telecommuter.” “For self-motivated employees, telecommuting means a productivity boost. Focused and dedicated individuals will get far more work done at home than in an office.”

19. 5. From Andrea Baker’s 1995 article “Auto Initiative Focuses on Environment,” page 28. “Engineers at Volvo want to change the way cars are designed, and disposed of. A broad environmental initiative at the company is generating interactive databases and design innovations that could apply to cars and trucks of all makes.”

20. In unit 7, we will: Discuss strategies for creating a draft from the Unit 5 outline. Work with transitions.