2. Qualitative Exposure Assessment “How to Build a Better Plan” Dave Dickhaut UAW Industrial Hygiene – Lansing Delta Township Eltaneice Bolden GM Global Industrial Hygiene Manager

3. Session Objective  Provide a method to develop a thorough and systematic approach to developing a manageable air sample plan that identifies exposure risks at your sites. Exposure Assessments are used to determine what workplace exposures may harm the health of workers so we can measure and control them.

4. Steps in an Exposure Assessment

5. Starting from scratch……

6. Basic Characterization QualitativeExposureAssessment QuantitativeExposureAssessment

7. Key Steps 1.Start with the site and process maps for your site 2.Divide your site into Similar Exposure Groups (SEGs) based on locations and job functions –Could be as many as twenty or as few as one 3.Gather “qualitative” exposure information for each group 4.Apply Risk Assessment 5.Set Sampling Priorities 6.Conduct Exposure Monitoring 7.Interpret Results

8. Step 1 – Basic Characterization 1.Know the process Obtain plans and layoutsObtain plans and layouts Identify individual operations and the tasks workers are performingIdentify individual operations and the tasks workers are performing Identify chemicals being used or produced as by-products (SDS)Identify chemicals being used or produced as by-products (SDS) Review Global Air Sampling Plan (ASP) guidelinesReview Global Air Sampling Plan (ASP) guidelines Review Physical Hazards Categories (noise, laser, radiation, thermal environment etc.)Review Physical Hazards Categories (noise, laser, radiation, thermal environment etc.) Talk to workers about exposure concerns and process instabilitiesTalk to workers about exposure concerns and process instabilities

9. For Each Similar Exposure Group Define activities and production functions of each SEG. This can be done by asking the following questions:

10. For Each Similar Exposure Group 1.Is there an Obvious Dermal or Respirable Exposure? (Y/N) If yes, describe. 2.Is LEV present? (Y/N) 3.Are any Chemical Materials Used? (Y/N) If yes, list with name, manufacturer, & HMCS ID #. 4.Are any dust, fumes or fibers generated at or near this work station? (Y/N) If yes, list sources and document what chemicals are in use. 5.Document any PPE in use 6.Document the use and type of any Respiratory Protection 7.Estimate the frequency and duration of exposure

11. Side Line - Physical Agent Assessment  Any potential for exposure to Physical Agents? (Y/N) See below –Is the Sound Survey Up to Date? –Do a preliminary sound level check? (Note Decibel level) –Document the presence of Class 3B or 4 Lasers? (Y/N) If present, provide details. –Any potential issues with heat or cold stress? (Y/N) If yes, provide details. –Are there any EMF concerns? (Y/N) If yes, document.

12. 2. Identify How Workers are Exposed:  Based on the information gathered: –Exactly what chemicals are in use (See SDSs) –By what route, (Dermal or Inhalation) –For how long, (All Shift or Intermittent) –How often (every day or occasionally) –Under what conditions Underlying stressesUnderlying stresses (Hot Ovens, High Altitude etc)(Hot Ovens, High Altitude etc)

13. Determine the Exposure Potential  Leverage the Site HMCC –Chemical Approvals  Prior Exposure Data  Use Hazard/Risk Analysis –Toxicity vs Frequency Qualitative Risk Assessment

14. Document the Risks & Rank Them  Review the SDSs of all chemical materials listed on the SEG forms.  Review the Site Chemical Inventory.  Pay particular attention to carcinogens, sensitizers, and other potentially toxic materials. Qualitative Risk Assessment

15. Qualitative Health Ratings When You Don’t Have Data  4 = Life Threatening  3 = Irreversible Health Effects  2 = Severe, Reversible Health Effects  1 = Reversible Health Effects When You Do Have Data  4 = Exceeds of OEL  3 = 50 -100% of OEL  2 = 10- 50% of OEL  1 =< 10% of OEL Qualitative Risk Assessment

16. Qualitative Health Ratings based on OELs/TLVs Rating Category Gases / Vapors (ppm)Particulates(mg/m3)Fibers(f/cc) 0OEL > 1000OEL > 10OEL > 12 1300 - 10002 -95 – 12 250 - 3000.5 – 22 – 5 310 – 500.1 – 0.50.1 – 2.0 4<10<0.1 Qualitative Risk Assessment

17. Qualitative Exposure Ratings based on Duration. Notes Ratings should not consider PPERatings should not consider PPE Infrequent vs Frequent definitions are subjective; may vary by local conditionsInfrequent vs Frequent definitions are subjective; may vary by local conditions Consistency in application is keyConsistency in application is key Qualitative Risk Assessment

18. Sample Priorities - Example  Compound A Health Effects Rating = 3 (Irreversible)Health Effects Rating = 3 (Irreversible) Exposure Rating = 3 (50-100% of OEL)Exposure Rating = 3 (50-100% of OEL) –Exposure Assessment Priority > 3 x 3 = 9  Compound B Health Effects Rating = 2 (Reversible Effects)Health Effects Rating = 2 (Reversible Effects) Exposure Rating = 3 (10-50% of OEL)Exposure Rating = 3 (10-50% of OEL) –Exposure Assessment Priority > 2 x 3 = 6 Qualitative Risk Assessment

19. Example For Multiple Compounds Compound Health Effects Rating Exposure Rating Priority Compound A339 Compound B224 Compound C414 Compound D133 Qualitative Risk Assessment

20. Combine to Determine Sampling Priority Use this chart to Prioritize Relative Risk Qualitative Risk Assessment

21. Special Chemicals Source: UAW-GM IH Technical Manual

22. For Each SEG  Make a list of Compounds using the Priority Rankings and using the 5 Categories (0 – 5)  Add any Special Chemicals, such as air contaminants known to be highly toxic, carcinogenic or sensitizers  Finalize the SEGs  Use this information to develop your air sample plan Qualitative Risk Assessment

23. Resources & References  Plant Operations & Maintenance,  Team members  Site Health and Safety Team  Regional IH  Safety Datasheets  Job Risk Assessments  JESs and TISs for jobs  TLV Guide  Special Chemicals List Qualitative Risk Assessment

24. Documentation and Review  Keep Notes of Basic Characterization  Use SEG Qualitative Exposure Assessment Form –Develop one form for each SEG  Use these forms to develop your ASP in Medgate  Review the Plan with your Regional IH and the Local Joint Health & Safety Committee

25. Exposure Monitoring

26. Interpreting Results

27.  Compare Results against the GM OEL values and local regulatory exposure limits  The GM OEL is the mandatory exposure limit unless the local regulatory limit is more protective.  GM has adopted the 2014/2015 ACGIH TLVs as its OELs for those substances which have them otherwise the previously established GM OEGs have been adopted as GM OELs. Interpret Results

28. Action Level  Given the limitation of sampling, action level is a concentration which initiates certain required activities such as exposure monitoring, control program implementation, and medical surveillance. It usually equals to half of OEL. Action Level = 50% OEL Risk of Over Exposure Acceptable Over Exposure OEL AL SEG Interpret Results

29. Does the Exposure pose a risk? Unacceptable The Basic Model Interpret Results Risk of Over Exposure Acceptable Over Exposure OEL AL Risk of Overexposure

30. Risk of Over Exposure Acceptable Over Exposure OEL (Exposure Limit) AL (Action Level =50%OEL) For any exposure over Action Level, precautions are required to protect workers. Does the Exposure pose a risk? Interpret Results

31. Risk of Over Exposure Acceptable Over Exposure Milligrams Per Cubic Meter (mg/m 3 ) 5.0 8.0Result 2.5 1.Exposure limit exceeds 2.Implement exposure controls 3.Follow Up Testing 4.Document Results OEL AL Does the Exposure pose a risk? Interpret Results

32. Risk of Over Exposure Acceptable Over Exposure OEL Milligrams Per Cubic Meter (mg/m 3 ) 5.0 0.05Result 2.5 1.No Further Controls are required 2.Document the results AL Does the Exposure pose a risk? Interpret Results

33. Does the Exposure pose a risk? Interpret Results Risk of Over Exposure Acceptable Over Exposure OEL Parts Per Million (ppm) 500 50Result 250 1.No Further Control is required 2.Document the results AL

34. 1.Action Level exceeded 2.Contact your Regional IH 3.May need additional Testing to Confirm 4.Implement exposure controls 5.Document Results Does the Exposure pose a risk? Interpret Results Risk of Over Exposure Acceptable Over Exposure Parts Per Million (ppm) 500 400 250AL OEL Result

35. Risk of Over Exposure Acceptable Over Exposure OEL Milligrams Per Cubic Meter (mg/m 3 ) 1.0 0.1Result 0.5 1.No Further Control is required 2.Document the result AL Does the Exposure pose a risk? Interpret Results

36. Risk of Over Exposure Acceptable Over Exposure OEL Milligrams Per Cubic Meter (mg/m 3 ) 1.0 1.7Result 0.5 1.Exposure limit exceeds 2.Implement exposure controls 3.Follow Up Testing 4.Document Results AL Does the Exposure pose a risk? Interpret Results

37. Corrective Actions  For Any Exposures in Excess of the Action Level  Work with the site Local Joint Health & Safety team and Regional IH to:  Complete an Incident Report  Develop Effective Corrective Action Plans  Conduct Follow Up Sampling to verify effectiveness

38. Any Questions????