1. The application of mixed method in developing a cyber terrorism framework Presented By:- Ajay Kumar Koduri Bhavana Atluri Manasa Sutram Shaayendra Raju Authors:- Rabiah Ahmad, Zahri Yunos

2. ■Cyber Terrorism - Introduction ■Objective ■Mixed-method research ■Knowledge-management architecture ■Grounded-theory framework ■Research methodology framework ■Data collection and analysis framework ■Conclusion Overview

3. Cyber Terrorism Cyber - Anything that involved computer resources and information. Terrorism - An act of violence.

4. Cyber Terrorism

5. History Of Attacks

6. ■Cyberterrorism is the premeditated, politically motivated attack against information, computer systems, computer programs, and data which result in violence against noncombatant targets by sub-national groups or clandestine agents. - by TechTarget ■Cyberterrorism is the convergence of cyberspace and terrorism. It refers to unlawful attacks and threats of attacks against computers, networks and the information stored therein when done to intimidate or coerce a government or its people in furtherance of political or social objectives. - by Gabriel Weiman in United Institute of Peace report. ■The premeditated use of disruptive activities, or the threat thereof, against computers and/or networks, with the intention to cause harm or further social, ideological, religious, political or similar objectives. Or to intimidate any person in furtherance of such objectives. - Wikipedia Cyber Terrorism definitions

7. There are various reasons why cyber attacks are an attractive choice for terrorists. Few of them are: ■No need to cross physical barrier. ■Identity is kept a secret. ■Easy to attack. ■Fast flow of information. ■Little or no regulation. ■Huge audience. Motivations of Cyber-Terrorists

8. This paper has two primary goals. They are : 1. Develop a conceptual framework for cyber terrorism. 2. Verification of this conceptual framework. Goal of the paper

9. Mixed method research is a combination of two types of research methodologies. Methodologies : 1.Qualitative research methodology and 2.Quantitative research methodology Mixed-Method Research

10. Qualitative Research methodology ■It is primarily interpretive research technique. ■It is used to gain an understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations. ■It provides insights into the problem or helps to develop ideas or hypotheses for potential quantitative research. Advantages: It allows for the discovery of new ideas. Used to build a theory around a particular phenomena or process. Here the phenomena is “Cyber- Terrorism”.

11. ■It is primarily a validating technique. ■It is used for testing or verification of conceptual framework that describes the phenomena via statistical, mathematical or computational techniques. Advantages For achieving precise measurement of participants behaviour or knowledge. Quantitative Research methodology

12. Suitability of Mixed Method Research Mixed method approach helps to answer questions that cannot be answered by qualitative or quantitative approaches alone. ■Qualitative research approaches seek to explore phenomena ■Quantitative research approaches seek to confirm hypotheses about phenomena. By unifying both the methodologies, strengths are amplified and weaknesses are lessened. It is also able to answer broader and more complete range of research problems in a study.

13. Knowledge Management Architecture The development of conceptual framework describing cyber terrorism is done by using the grounded theory method. Grounded theory method : It is a step-by-step process that involves generating a conceptual model (or theory) that is grounded in the data.

14. Egan’s grounded theory framework. There are multiple architectures for grounded theory approach. The authors choose to adopt the Egan’s recommendation.

15. Step 1 - Initiation of Research ■Involves the selection of an area of inquiry. ■The research begins with an awareness of the context of the research by reviewing literatures relevant to the area of inquiry.

16. ■Involves the identification of potential data sources associated with the research questions. ■The respondents are chosen from various expert positions to reflect variety of expertise. Step 2 - Data Selection

17. Step 3 - Data Collection ■Initiation of data collection from targeted respondents. ■It is an ongoing process, whereby the researcher can return to the interviewees for clarification and elaboration. ■Also compares related documents or records with data collected in the initial stage of the research.

18. Step 4 - Data Analysis ■Involves a constant comparison method for generating and analyzing data. ■It is a process of systematically searching and arranging the interview transcripts, field notes and other materials with the objectives to increase the understanding.

19. Step 5 - Concluding the research ■ Involves documenting the grounded theory based on researcher observation of the data saturation and sufficient theory which has emerged from the data. Data saturation: It is the evident when data collection no longer contributes to elaboration of the phenomenon. Once the theory discovery and conceptual framework have been developed, the next stage is to test or verify the conceptual framework.

20. The framework of research methodology To achieve theory discovery and verification within a single research project, the Quantitative and Qualitative methodologies are used together. By combining both the research methods, validated conceptual framework for Cyber terrorism was developed.

21. The framework of research methodology

22. Framework of data collection and Analysis

23. Conclusion ■The study of understanding similarities and differences in perception of what constitutes cyber terrorism can provide insight on the concept of cyber terrorism. ■The outcome of this study serves the basis for various strategic decisions for policy and decision makers as well as useful foundation for academic research. ■The paper describes the framework of research methodology, where the combination of Qualitative and Quantitative techniques are combined to discover the theory around a phenomenon and to verify it.

24. Relevance to our project - Project proposal Our project focuses on the methods to improve the efficiency of existing techniques to identify potentially harmful websites. To increase the performance of existing techniques we propose to use image analysis techniques like pixel comparison in addition to text analysis.

25. Relevance to our project ■To collect the text and image sources, we can use mixed-research method to construct a framework and verify it. ■Once the websites are identified, it is easy to identify people connected with them and after further analysis we should be able to collect more quality data about the terrorist recruitments, financial aid that helps in understanding perception management. ■Once we are able to discover the potential victims (i.e,) the people who are being influenced, we can use the grounded-theory method to develop a framework for perception management.

26. Greedy-mixed method 1.Define the challenge. 2.Collect appropriate data from any relevant source to develop and test hypotheses. 3.Rigorously examine those data for obvious and hidden patterns. 4.Analyze the findings. 5.Present the results for peer review and audience education.

27. Thank you!