1. United Nations Environment Programme Regional Office for Africa, Montreal Protocol Compliance Assistance Programme Strategies for sustainable Methyl Bromide phase out in Africa 18 th ODSONET-E/AF Meeting 21-24 May, 2012 Lusaka, Zambia Florence Asher Email: Florence.Asher @unep.org

2. United Nations Environment Programme Regional Office for Africa, Montreal Protocol Compliance Assistance Programme Methyl Bromide (MB) – an Ozone Depleting Substance (ODS) MB is classified as a “controlled substance” under the Montreal Protocol (Article 1 and Annex E)

3. United Nations Environment Programme Regional Office for Africa, Montreal Protocol Compliance Assistance Programme YearNon-Article 5 countriesArticle 5 countries 1991Consumption/ production baseline - 1995Freeze- 1995-98 average -Consumption/ production Baseline 199925% reduction- 200150% reduction 2002-Freeze 200370% reductionReview of reductions 2005Phase-out with provision for CUEs 20% reduction 2015Phase-out with provision for CUEs Methyl Bromide Phase-Out Schedule as agreed by Parties in 1997 Critical and emergency uses may be permitted after phase-out if they meet agreed criteria. Quarantine and pre-shipment (QPS) uses and feedstock are exempt from reductions and phase-out

4. United Nations Environment Programme Regional Office for Africa, Montreal Protocol Compliance Assistance Programme Four Main Categories of MB uses under the Montreal Protocol MB UsesStatus under the Montreal Protocol Non-QPS fumigant uses (Soil, Post Harvest, Structures) Subject to production and consumption phaseout schedules of Articles 2 and 5, trade and licensing controls of Article 4, and data reporting requirements of Article 7. Critical Use Exemptions can be authorised by the MOP for specific uses that meet the criteria in Decision IX/6 and other relevant decisions QPS fumigant usesExempted from reduction and phase-out schedules. Subject to Article 7 data reporting requirements Laboratory and analytical uses Subject to production and consumption phaseout schedules of Articles 2 and 5 except for the specific Critical Use Exemptions under Decision XVIII/15. Subject to data reporting under Annex II of the Sixth Meeting of the Parties Feedstock used in the manufacture of other chemicals Exempted from phase-out schedule under Article 1. Subject to Article 7 data reporting requirements

5. United Nations Environment Programme Regional Office for Africa, Montreal Protocol Compliance Assistance Programme Africa’s Methyl Bromide Uses

6. United Nations Environment Programme Regional Office for Africa, Montreal Protocol Compliance Assistance Programme MB Consumption in ODP tons (2005-2010) of African Countries Party200520062007200820092010Baseline Algeria3.6 221.8 4.7 Cameroon9.714.55.13.30018.1 Egypt188.4180186 190.2157.2238.1 Kenya73.234.217.410.23.66.6217.5 Libya9667251.7 30 94.1 Morocco524.8383.8263.8161.8108.480.9697.2 South Africa476.233060225.910.30602.7 Sudan1.8 1.53 Tunisia9.95.36.6 8.3 Zambia10.2664.23.2229.4 Zimbabwe155.4156.821.6 10.8557

7. United Nations Environment Programme Regional Office for Africa, Montreal Protocol Compliance Assistance Programme CAP’s major Achievements in 2011  Regional Consultative Meeting for Methyl Bromide Experts, 13-15 April, 2011, Nairobi, Kenya  Dialogue on key future challenges facing methyl bromide phase- out in Africa,5 – 6 July, 2011, Vienna- Austria  Training and Demonstration of MB Alternative Technologies for the Nurseries and Vegetables Subsector, 5 – 9 September, 2011, Agadir, Morocco ExCom Decision 64/22: The 64 th Executive Committee requested UNEP to recast the proposal to include an overall strategy on sustaining MB phase-out in the region. The Executive Committee decided to defer consideration of the requests for three regional technical workshops for methyl bromide alternatives for Africa to a future meeting.

8. United Nations Environment Programme Regional Office for Africa, Montreal Protocol Compliance Assistance Programme Open-ended Working Group of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer Thirty-first meeting Montreal, 1–5 August 2011 Item 3 of the provisional agenda Report of the Technology and Economic Assessment Panel’s task force on the 2012–2014 replenishment of the Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol Draft decision on key challenges facing methyl bromide phase ‑ out in Africa Submission by Algeria, Cameroon, Egypt, Kenya, Morocco, Tunisia, Zambia and Zimbabwe 1.To request the Technology and Economic Assessment Panel to review the trends in consumption of methyl bromide in Africa and to make appropriate recommendations on phase-out activities for consideration by the Open-ended Working Group at its thirty-second meeting; 2.To request the Executive Committee of the Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol to carry out further studies on the technical and economic implications of methyl bromide phase-out in Africa, paying special attention to experience gained and observations made during the projects undertaken to date. May 2011 TEAP Report on Assessment of the Funding Requirement for the Replenishment of the Multilateral Fund for the period 2012-2014 United Nations Environment Programme UNEP /OzL.Pro.WG.1/31/CRP.10 3 August 2011 Original: English

9. United Nations Environment Programme Regional Office for Africa, Montreal Protocol Compliance Assistance Programme Decision XXIII/14: Key challenges facing methyl bromide phase-out in parties operating under paragraph 1 of Article 5: Noting that the report of the Technology and Economic Assessment Panel’s task force on the 2012–2014 replenishment does not include a funding requirement for methyl bromide phase-out activities in Africa for the triennium 2012–2014, since all of the eligible funding for the region has already been approved, Aware that methyl bromide is the only ozone-depleting substance directly connected to food security (production and post-harvest applications), and that its phase-out could easily be reversed, Considering that it is necessary to continue to use chemical and non- chemical alternatives, and that the efficacy of those alternatives in the short term, medium term and long term should be taken into consideration, UNITED NATIONS EP UNEP /OzL.Conv.9/7- UNEP /OzL.Pro.23/11 United Nations Environment Programme Distr.: General 8 December 2011 Original: English Ninth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer Twenty-Third Meeting of the Parties to the Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer Bali, Indonesia, 21–25 November 2011

10. United Nations Environment Programme Regional Office for Africa, Montreal Protocol Compliance Assistance Programme 23rd MOP Decision XXIII/14 cont’d Noting with concern that some applications of methyl bromide, such as the treatment of high-moisture fresh dates, still lack alternatives, Aware that methyl bromide consumption, particularly in the quarantine and pre-shipment sector, is increasing in many parties operating under paragraph 1 of Article 5 of the Montreal Protocol, Acknowledging that some African countries report that there is strong pressure to return to methyl bromide use as a result of the non-sustainability of alternatives, both in terms of availability and cost, Noting that some African countries further report that certain chemical and non-chemical alternatives that have been adopted to replace methyl bromide in Africa have been unsustainable for various technical, economic and/or regulatory reasons,

11. United Nations Environment Programme Regional Office for Africa, Montreal Protocol Compliance Assistance Programme 23rd MOP Decision XXIII/14 cont’d Aware that some chemical alternatives that have been adopted and are relied upon are being or will be banned completely in the future, Concerned that the application of some chemical alternatives is complicated and not cost-effective, Recalling that methyl bromide is used in Africa to protect crops, which are considered to be the backbone of the economies of many parties operating under paragraph 1 of Article 5, Mindful that the Methyl Bromide Technical Options Committee pointed out in its May 2011 progress report that parties operating under paragraph 1 of Article 5 might wish to submit critical-use nominations for the remaining uses of methyl bromide that they consider appropriate for 2015 and possibly thereafter,

12. United Nations Environment Programme Regional Office for Africa, Montreal Protocol Compliance Assistance Programme 23rd MOP Decision XXIII/14 cont’d Taking into consideration the difficult and complex technical process involved in submitting critical-use nominations, 1. To request the Executive Committee of the Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol to consider requesting its Senior Monitoring and Evaluation Officer, when carrying out the evaluation approved at its sixty-fifth meeting on methyl bromide projects in Africa, to consider options for a strategy to achieve the sustainable use of effective alternatives to methyl bromide in Africa; 2. To request the Technology and Economic Assessment Panel, in view of its May 2011 progress report, to consider whether the guidelines and criteria for the preparation of critical-use nominations of methyl bromide need any modification to take into account the situation of parties operating under paragraph 1 of Article 5 and to report on this issue to the Open-ended Working Group at its thirty-third meeting;

13. United Nations Environment Programme Regional Office for Africa, Montreal Protocol Compliance Assistance Programme Approvals of the Executive Committee of the Multilateral Fund ExCom Decision 65/9: Approved Evaluation of MB projects in Africa, highlighting appropriate phase-out strategies and lessons learned from completed projects. Desk Study on the Evaluation of Methyl Bromide Projects was carried out and the report was submitted to the 66 th Meeting of the Executive Committee held from 12-20 April, 2012. ExCom Decision 66/13: A follow-up field study in various countries aimed at further analysis and at devising a strategy to strengthen sustainability of MB phase-out

14. United Nations Environment Programme Regional Office for Africa, Montreal Protocol Compliance Assistance Programme CAP’s Planned Activities for 2012  Establish partnership with key Agricultural Institutions, Growers Associations, etc in countries still using MB  Develop training programs on several MB-Alternative Technologies (the Training Programm will facilitate and enhance cost-effective logistics for procurement of MB alternatives)  Country Assessment of quantities of used MB Cylinders for collection and disposal (eg. Kenya, Zimbabwe have requested UNEP for assistance) (Dec XXIII/12, {2})

15. United Nations Environment Programme Regional Office for Africa, Montreal Protocol Compliance Assistance Programme Suggested Strategies to consider for achieving sustainable MB Phase-out in the region 1.Technical Sustainability Issues of Alternative Technologies Issues  High cost of Alternatives, eg steam, substrates (investment and running costs)  Commercial availability (difficulty of sourcing supplies at the local level), eg substrates, floating trays, plastics, grafted plants, etc  Efficacy, eg pest resistance due to continued use and/or inadequate application of chemicals, new strain of pest as a result of climate change (Bacterial wilt)  Lack/Delay in Registration of new chemical alternatives, eg. MI (Methyl iodide has only been introduced in Morocco, Egypt, and South Africa, whereas Sulphuryl fluoride has been introduced in Mauritius)  Market forces/Ban on certain chemicals, eg 1,3-Dichloropropene, metam sodium, chloropicrin, etc  Risks associated with the adoption of new technologies  Scarcity of appropriate maintenance services for certain technologies  MB Alternative by-product disposal, eg, Volcanic pumice, coal pebbles,etc

16. United Nations Environment Programme Regional Office for Africa, Montreal Protocol Compliance Assistance Programme Suggested Strategies to consider for achieving sustainable MB Phase-out in the region 2. Technical Assistance Issues (Training and Capacity Building) Issues  Continuous training and capacity building in adoption of new technologies and access of new developments for old and new market players  Continuous Awareness raising programmes  Lack of capacity/knowledge by stakeholders on suitable mechanisms of use of MB alternative technologies  Development and maintenance of a sustainable practical training program on MB-Alternatives technologies  Development and updating of technical manuals, toolkits, etc on new technologies  Lack of Exchange Programms/ study tour to countries with advanced technologies for information exchange, materials, varieties, rootstocks etc  Inadequate regionally coordinated efforts to transfer the alternative technologies

17. United Nations Environment Programme Regional Office for Africa, Montreal Protocol Compliance Assistance Programme Suggested Strategies to consider for achieving sustainable MB Phase-out in the region 3.Regulatory and Institutional Issues Issues  National regulatory restrictions that limit uses of the alternatives  Lack of market-access pressure as driving forces of good agricultural practices  Lack of incentives to adopt clean technologies  Monitoring and Enforcement issues / coordination between NOUs and their Agricultural Ministries  Dec XXIII/5: QPS application of methyl bromide  Diversion of MB to non-QPS applications  Stock Management/ Disposal of used MB cylinders (Dec XXIII/12, {2})  Illegal trade  Lack of Robust Framework

18. United Nations Environment Programme Regional Office for Africa, Montreal Protocol Compliance Assistance Programme Suggested Strategies to consider for achieving sustainable MB Phase-out in the region 4. Suggested Strategies to consider for Sustainable MB phase-out Approach  Development of a feasible regional strategy on MB phase out in Africa  Establishment of regional practical training centers (Morocco, Egypt and Kenya) of MB phase-out technologies as a sustainable solution of farmer capacity building in cooperation with Growers Associations.  Developing partnerships with Farmers Association and undertaking study tours to countries for information exchange  Stronger coordination between NOUs, national MB experts and institutions responsible for agricultural development  Reducing dependence on chemical alternatives through combination of chemical and non-chemical alternatives in an IPM programs  Improvement of the available equipments for pre harvest and post harvest alternatives  Need for establishment of network of alternative material manufacturers/ suppliers to assist with accessing alternative materials

19. United Nations Environment Programme Regional Office for Africa, Montreal Protocol Compliance Assistance Programme Press Information on Methyl Bromide

20. United Nations Environment Programme Regional Office for Africa, Montreal Protocol Compliance Assistance Programme MB Phase-out in Floriculture

21. United Nations Environment Programme Regional Office for Africa, Montreal Protocol Compliance Assistance Programme MB alternatives – Floating tray technology

22. United Nations Environment Programme US20 Farmers Guide to use of Floating tray technology

23. United Nations Environment Programme Publications Regional Office for Africa, Montreal Protocol Compliance Assistance Programme

24. United Nations Environment Programme Regional Office for Africa, Montreal Protocol Compliance Assistance Programme