1. 20 th Century Independence Movements in Asia and Africa

2. Asian Independence Movements

3. Mohandas Gandhi – India Led the independence movement against the British in India (1947) Used civil disobedience (active refusal to obey certain laws) and passive resistance (opposition to laws through nonviolent methods) to gain the attention of the world

4. Jawaharlal Nehru – India A major figure in the Indian independence movement against the British Became the first Prime Minister of independent India in 1947

5. Muhammad Ali Jinnah – Pakistan A Muslim politician and leader of the All India Muslim League The league’s goal was to create a separate state for Muslims This separate state became the country of Pakistan in 1947

6. African Independence Movements Why did so many African nations successfully gain their independence after World War II? 1.The United Nations Charter gave the right to self-determination (self- rule). 2.Many African nations fought back against colonial rule after WWII because of long-standing resentment. The above led to loss of African colonies by Great Britain, France, Belgium, and Portugal.

7. 7 Kwame Nkrumah – Ghana »Organized a nonviolent movement for Ghana’s independence from Britain »Became the first Prime Minister of independent Ghana in 1957

8. Jomo Kenyatta – Kenya Kenyan revolutionary who led the struggle for independence against the British Became the first president of Kenya in 1963 Distanced himself from the Mau Mau, a group of Kenyan rebels who fought violently for independence against the British from 1952 to 1960

9. Nelson Mandela – South Africa Campaigned against the accepted practice of apartheid (a system of legalized racial segregation of white and black South Africans between 1948 and 1994) Condemned to life in prison for treason for his calls for armed struggle against apartheid Eventually freed and elected as the first black president of South Africa (1994-1999)

10. 10 Other Important Revolutionary Leaders LeaderCountrySignificance Indira Gandhi India Daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru Only female Prime Minister (1966-1977, 1980-1984) Central figure in Indian National Congress (political party) Supported Bengali movement to separate East from West Pakistan (led to the creation of Bangladesh) Margaret Thatcher Great Britain Only female Prime Minister (1979-1990) Central figure in the Conservative Party (political party) Introduced political and economic initiatives intended to reverse high unemployment and other struggles Deng Xiaoping China Unofficial leader of China (1978-1992) (after Mao Zedong) Central figure in the Communist Party (political party) Led country through far-reaching economic reforms by combining the Communist Party’s socialist ideology with a pragmatic adoption of market economic practices Opened China to foreign investment, the global market, and limited private competition

11. 11 LeaderCountrySignificance Golda Meir Israel Prime Minister (1969-1974) Led Israel to victory in the Yom Kippur War Sought support of the United States Gamal Abdel Nasser Egypt President (1956-1970) Nationalized the Suez Canal Established a relationship with the U.S.S.R. Built the Aswan High Dam Other Important Revolutionary Leaders