1. ASPIRIN By: Zariyah Cribbs, Madisen Hiatt, Nikayla McFarland, Isabella Morales

2. The History of Aspirin The origin of aspirin dates back to c. 3000–1500 BC when the willow plant was used as medicine by ancient civilizations, like the Sumerians and Egyptians. The plant was referred to as an anti-inflammatory in Egyptian text. This plant was developed through the centuries to be used as pain relievers for women giving birth and curing fevers. In 1828, a pharmacy professor Munich, Germany, Joseph Buchner found salicin, an active ingredient, by extracting it from the willow plant. Then in 1853, French chemist Charles Frédéric Gerhardt determines the chemical structure of salicylic acid, which he uses to synthesize acetylsalicylic acid. This was tested, and became known as aspirin.

3. History of aspirin continued The processes of creating aspirin was not simple because they had to find the perfect dosage and chemical to form the pill. Many times the drug was causing nausea and more side effects on the stomach, therefore they had a type of buffer to ease the pain on the stomach. in the late 1890s the aspirin we are common with was formed from acetylsalicylic acid, founded by chemist Felix Hoffmann.The drug became most used in 1915; when it was being sold as tablets over- the- counter, therefore making it easier to posses, greatly impacting society at this time.

4. Anti- inflammatory drug pros PRO: since aspirin is considered to be an anti- inflammatory drug, this means is breaks clots and therefore it decreases inflammation. Aspirin has been proven to prevent heart attacks from occurring twice because it reduces the inflammation. Aspirin actually became common for heart patients in 1948. Researchers found that patients who experience heart attacks had a hormone called prostaglandins (responsible for inflammation).

5. anti- inflammatory drug Cons Cons: aspirin has been found to cause bleeding problems. Aspirin can increase bleeding problems because it decreases clotting. An interesting fact that occurred was the improvement of Alexi Nicholaevich Romanov of Russia,who had hemophilia. His family was killing him without them knowing because they were giving him aspirin for his pain.Aspirin in this case would make the bleeding disorder worse.He only got better because the boy’s mother listened to Rasputin, a con artist and viewed as a witch doctor. Rasputin told the boy’s mother to stop modern treatments and rely on the spiritual healing.This eventually helped the boy heal, leading to Rasputin’s rise in power.

6. Short-Term Side Effects Irritation upset stomach heartburn excess stomach acid secretion stomach cramps vomiting

7. Long-term Side effects black/tarry stool persistent or severe stomach/abdominal pain vomit that looks like coffee grounds slurred speach weakness on one side of the body sudden vision changes or severe headaches rash severe dizziness trouble breathing

8. benefits reducing clots reducing pain; such as headaches reducing inflammation reducing chance of having another heart attack reducing probability of having cancer treatment with breast cancer

9. It was conducted at newcastle university. Their research showed that a regular dose of aspirin reduces the long-term risk of cancer in those who are overweight in an international study of people with a family history of the disease. They found that being overweight more than doubles the risk of bowel cancer in people with Lynch Syndrome, an inherited genetic disorder which affects genes responsible for detecting and repairing damage in the DNA. Newcastle university: aspirin reverses obesity-related cancer

10. Classification of Aspirin Aspirin is classified as a nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory drug, which is used to treat fever, pain, inflammation, and also prevents blood clots. Aspirin works by reducing the levels of prostaglandins(chemicals that are released when there is inflammation and that cause pain and fever). NSAIDs block the enzyme that makes prostaglandins (cyclooxygenase), resulting in lower concentrations of prostaglandins. And because of this inflammation,pain,and fevers are reduced.

11. Classification of aspirin continued The molecular formula of aspirin is C9H8O4 it is an acetylsalicylic acid. It is most commonly taken orally in the form of a pill Because it is an acetylsalicylic acid, it is able to bind to acetylates serine residues in cyclooxygenases resulting in decreased synthesis of prostaglandin, platelet aggregation and inflammation.

12. Aspirin Activity and questions!!!!! Scenarios! 1)You get hit by a car, do you take aspirin, higher pain killer, or nothing? 2)You have a headache, do you take aspirin, a higher pain killer, or nothing? 3)You pull a muscle do you take aspirin, a higher pain killer, or nothing? 4)You're pregnant and you have morning sickness do you take aspirin, yes or no ? 5)You are depressed do you take aspirin, yes or no? 6)Took aspirin at a recommended dosage, but you don't feel any results, what do you do? Do you take more, or wait? 7)You had surgery, your pain killers are not working, do you take aspirin?

13. Aspirin and sex ratio It has been discovered that aspirin causes an impact on the sex ratio. Males embryos are being decreased compared to the female embryo due to the fact that the male embryos are more impacted by a disordered inflammation in the uterus. Aspirin being an anti-inflammatory drug may alter the sex ratio because it can cause a disordered inflammation in the uterus. In the article they assessed the effect of low dosage aspirin on male live birth and male offspring incorporating pregnancy losses (n = 56) via genetic assessment, as part of a parallel-design, block- randomized, placebo-controlled trial of preconception LDA. They found that LDA does in fact impact the sex ratio causing there to be less males than females. This is related to our topic because it is discussing the impacts of aspirin on the human body and it is providing more insight on what an anti-inflammatory drug can do to one's body

14. Aspirin and Heparin and miscarriage rates. Recurrent abortion occurs in 3% of all abortion cases. In this article they tested the idiopathic spontaneous abortions (miscarriages) rates when subjects used either a combination regimens of aspirin and heparin and a combination only of aspirin and heparin. They specifically wanted to find out if there is a difference in the recurrent miscarriages when using both combinations of medicines. They also wanted to test the therapeutic window in women who have already had multiple spontaneous abortions. The connection of this article to our topic is that this article tests aspirin and its effects on recurrent abortions, which is further understanding of Aspirin with the human body.

15. Sources Holmes, Michelle D., et al. "Aspirin intake and breast cancer survival - a nation-wide study using prospectively recorded data in Sweden." BMC Cancer 14 (2014): 391. Science in Context. Web. 3 Mar. 2016. http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/scic/AcademicJournalsDetailsPage/AcademicJournalsDetailsWindow?failOverType=&query=&pr odId=SCIC&windowstate=normal&contentModules=&display- query=&mode=view&displayGroupName=Journals&limiter=&u=lexi69718&currPage=&disableHighlighting=false&displ ayGroups=&sortBy=&source=&search_within_results=&p=SCIC&action=e&catId=&activityType=&scanId=&documentI d=GALE%7CA431333821 Radin, Rose G., et al. "Sex ratio following preconception low-dose aspirin in women with prior pregnancy loss." Journal of Clinical Investigation 125.9 (2015): 3619+. Science in Context. Web. 28 Feb. 2016. "Aspirin." Aspirin. Web. 28 Feb. 2016. "Aspirin (Bayer, Etc.): Side Effects, Dosage & Overdose." MedicineNet. Web. 28 Feb. 2016. "Common and Rare Side Effects for Aspirin Oral." WebMD. WebMD. Web. 28 Feb. 2016. Landau, Elizabeth. "From a Tree, a 'miracle' Called Aspirin." CNN. Cable News Network, 2010. Web. 28 Feb. 2016. "Newcastle University - Aspirin reverses obesity-related cancer risk." ENP Newswire 19 Aug. 2015. Science in Context. Web. 29 Feb. 2016.