1. Chapter 1 An Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology

2. Responsiveness (irritability) An organism changes in response to its environment Growth Increase in size, number of cells, complexity of cells, or all three Differentiation—develop specialized cells 1-1: Common Functions of Living Things

3. Reproduction Creation of new generations of similar organisms Movement Internal (transport blood, food, etc.) External (physical movement) Metabolism Processes that absorb nutrients, generate energy Respiration—absorption, transport & use of oxygen Excretion—eliminate wastes

4. 1. How are vital functions such as responsiveness, growth, reproduction, and movement dependent on metabolism? 1-1 Checkpoint

5. Anatomy—internal & external structures; relationships between body parts Physiology—the function of anatomical structures; how body systems work together 1-2: Anatomy & Physiology

6. Gross Anatomy—visible with unaided eye Surface anatomy Regional anatomy Systemic anatomy—organ systems Microscopic Anatomy—can’t be seen without magnification Cytology (cells) Histology (tissues)

7. Physiology Cell physiology Special physiology—specific organs Systemic physiology—organ systems Pathology—effects of disease

8. 1. Describe how anatomy & physiology are closely related. 2. Would a histologist more likely be considered a specialist in microscopic anatomy or in gross anatomy? Why? 1-2 Checkpoint

9. Chemical level Atoms (smallest unit of matter) combine to form molecules Cellular level Molecules combine with organelles to form cells (smallest living unit) Tissue level Similar cells form tissues (perform a function) 1-3: Levels of Organization

10. Organ level Tissues work together as an organ Organ system level Organs interact in organ systems Functions of one system can affect all systems Organism level All the organ systems work together

12. 1. Identify the major levels of organization of the human body from the simplest to the most complex. 1-3 Checkpoint

13. Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive 1-4: Organ Systems of the Body

26. 1. Identify the organ systems of the body and list their major functions 2. Which organ system includes the pituitary gland and directs long-term changes in the activities of other systems? 1-4 Checkpoint

27. Homeostasis—stable internal environment Results from organ systems functioning together Homeostatic regulation Receptor—detects a stimulus Control center—processes information from receptor Effector—responds to commands of control center Ex: thermostat 1-5: Homeostasis

29. 1. Define homeostasis. 2. Why is homeostatic regulation important to an organism? 1-5 Checkpoint

30. Negative feedback—corrects changes from normal values Thermoregulation steps Temperature receptors in skin sense changes Control center in brain determines if temp is too high/too low Control center triggers effectors to return temp to correct value 1-6: Feedback Systems

31. Effectors if body is too hot: Blood vessels vasodilate Sweat glands increase secretions Effectors if body is too cold: Blood vessels vasoconstrict Sweat glands decrease secretions Shivering begins

33. Positive feedback—action of stimulus is increased Ex: blood clotting, childbirth & delivery Disease results when homeostatic regulation fails

34. 1. Explain the function of negative feedback systems. 2. Why is positive feedback helpful in blood clotting but unsuitable for the regulation of body temperature? 3. What happens to the body when homeostasis breaks down? 1-6 Checkpoint

35. Surface Anatomy Latin & Greek form basis for anatomical terms Anatomical landmarks Anatomical position—upright, hands at sides with palms forward & feet together Identifies important areas of the body 1-7: Anatomical Terms

37. Anatomical Regions Abdominopelvic quadrants Imaginary lines intersect at the umbilicus Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ), Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ), Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ), Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

39. Anatomical Directions 1. Superior (above a body part/closer to the head) 2. Inferior (below a body part/closer to the feet) 3. Anterior (toward the front; ventral) 4. Posterior (toward the back; dorsal) 5. Medial (towards the midline) 6. Lateral (away from the midline) 7. Proximal (closer to point of attachment) 8. Distal (farther from point of attachment) 9. Superficial (near the surface) 10. Deep (more internal)

41. Sectional Anatomy Sectional planes—slice through an object Transverse plane: superior/inferior portions Frontal plane: anterior/posterior portions Sagittal plane: left/right portions

43. 1. What is the purpose of anatomical terms? 2. Describe an anterior view and a posterior view in the anatomical position. 3. What type of section would separate the eyes? 1-7 Checkpoint

44. Thoracic cavity—structures deep to the chest wall Abdominopelvic cavity—structures deep to the abdomen & pelvis Separated from the thoracic cavity by the diaphragm Cavities protect & cushion organs (viscera), permit organs to change sizes 1-8: Body Cavities

46. The Thoracic Cavity Pericardial cavity (contains the heart) Heart surrounded by 2 pericardiums: Visceral pericardium (on the heart) Parietal pericardium (sac surrounding heart) Pleural cavity (surrounds each lung) Lungs surrounded by 2 pleura: Visceral pleura (on the lung) Parietal pleura (on the inner chest wall)

48. The Abdominopelvic Cavity Abdominal cavity Contains the peritoneal cavity Visceral peritoneum (abdominal organs) Parietal peritoneum (lines inner surface of abdomen) Abdominal cavity: liver, stomach, spleen, small intestine, most of large intestine Pelvic cavity: some large intestine, bladder, reproductive organs

49. 1. Describe two essential functions of body cavities. 2. Identify the subdivisions of the ventral body cavity. 3. If a surgeon makes an incision just inferior to the diaphragm, what body cavity will be opened? 1-8 Checkpoint