1. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Chapter 18 The French Revolution From Feckless French Finances to the Tennis Court Oath Chapter 18 The French Revolution From Feckless French Finances to the Tennis Court Oath

2. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Well-meaning but weak and vacillating, Louis XVI (r. 1774–1792) stumbled from concession to concession until he finally lost all power to save his throne.

3. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. French Financial Crisis France was deeply in debt due to Seven Years’ War (1754-63) and American Revolution (1775-83) Parlements – French regional courts dominated by hereditary nobility Made it difficult to tax the wealthy Were abolished by Louis XV (1710-74) and reinstated by Louis XVI (1774-92) Enjoyed positive public opinion because they opposed the monarchy Jacques Necker Royal director-general of finances (1788-89) Argued that the economy was really not that bad Revealed a large portion of royal costs went to pensions for aristocrats Angered the aristocrats and as a result left office

4. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Calonne’s Reform Plan Charles Alexandre de Calonne was Controller-General of Finances (1783-89) Wanted to introduce a new land tax that all landowners regardless of class would have to pay New local assemblies made up of landowners based on land more than social status would determine any additional taxes Assembly of Notables (1787) Calonne called together an “Assembly of Notables” to assist in his plans. Aristocracy refused to accept Calonne’s plan, and called for the reappointment of Necker. Claimed only the Estates General, a medieval institution not used since 1614, could consent to new taxes. 1) Cut Government Spending 2) Create a revival of free trade methods 3) Authorize the sale of Church property 4) Equalization of salt and tobacco taxes 5) Establish a universal land value tax

5. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Deadlock and the Estates General Calonne replaced by Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne in 1787 Brienne appealed to the Assembly of the Clergy to pay debts, but was refused Parlements wanted privileges of the early 17 th century returned to them Brienne resigns and replaced by Necker again – reforms on the horizon

6. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. The Estates General Estates General reconvened in 1788 to address the financial crisis. Three groups or estates existed in France: First Estate – nobility Second Estate – clergy Third Estate – “everyone else” including middle class Third Estate warned it would not let the first two estates rule the future of the nation

7. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Debate over Estate Voting Assembly of Notables demanded each estate have an equal amount of representatives Parlement of Paris (by far the largest) believed that each estate should have just one vote each The First and Second Estates would automatically outvote the Third 2-1 Third Estate immediately bemoaned the arrogance of the aristocracy and now distrusted it Challenging the French Political Order This late eighteenth-century cartoon satirizes the French social and political structure as the events and tensions leading up to the outbreak of the French Revolution unfolded. This image embodies the highly radical critique of the French political structure that erupted from about l787 when the nobility and church refused to aid the financial crisis of the monarchy. CORBIS/Bettmann

8. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Third Estate Victory December 1788 – royal council announced Third Estate would elect twice as many representatives to the Estates General as either of the other two Estates. Liberal nobles and clergy supported this move Method of voting had not been decided when the Estates General gathered at Versailles in May, 1789

9. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. The Cahiers de Doleances (1789) Cahiers de doleances – list of grievances registered by local electors to be presented to the king by each of the estates. The grievances represented the interests of each social class. Cahiers of the First Estate – These reflected the interests of the parish clergy. They wanted to keep Roman Catholicism the only official religion in France, but were willing to give up some financial privileges for more control. Cahiers of the Second Estate - Among the three Estates, the Second Estates cahiers were possibly the most surprising. Many of them proved to be quite liberal in their opinions, 89% voting that they were willing to give up their financial privileges. They also attacked the government for being out of date, and the injustice of the Ancien Régime. Cahiers of the Third Estate - The cahiers of the Third Estate spoke out mainly against the financial privileges held by the two other Estates. They also wanted to have a fair voting system in the Estates-General.

10. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. The National Assembly (1789) Combination of the Third and Second Estate, along with some liberal nobles unilaterally declared themselves a separate parliamentary body. Officially declared on June 17, 1789 Quickly locked out, figuratively and literally, of the Estates-General meetings and forced to relocate.

11. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. The Tennis Court Oath The National Assembly gathers in an indoor tennis court to draft a new constitution King Louis XVI – capitulates and orders the First and Second Estates to meet with the General Assembly The National Assembly renames itself the National Constituent Assembly and is composed of members of all three estates who shared goals of administrative, constitutional and economic reform of the country

12. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. This painting of the Tennis Court Oath, June 20, is by Jacques-Louis David (1748– 1825). In the center foreground are members of different estates joining hands in cooperation as equals. The presiding officer is Jean-Sylvain Bailly, soon to become mayor of Paris.

14. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION Overthrowing the Bastille to the Execution of Louis XVI

15. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Overthrow of the Bastille Winter and spring 1788-1789 – high bread prices and shortages July 11, 1789 – Louis XVI – dismisses finance minister Necker July 14, 1789 – large crowds against Louis XVI go the Bastille – a fortress that once held political prisoners – looking to arm the militia (98 Parisians, several troops and the governor of the Bastille are killed) July 15, 1789 – the National Guard, led by Marquis de Lafayette, officially take over the Bastille. The monarch Louis XVI, days later recognizes the new government

16. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. On July 14, 1789, crowds stormed the Bastille, a prison in Paris. This event, whose only practical effect was to free a few prisoners, marked the first time the populace of Paris redirected the course of the revolution.

17. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. The “Great Fear” Peasant disturbances intensify in the countryside as the aristocrats’ land is taken over August 4, 1789 – Several nobles and clergymen renounce their nobility rights at the National Constituent Assembly to quell the riots “Old Regime” is officially abolished

18. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen New constitution drafted on August 27, 1789 Very similar to the Declaration of Independence in proclaiming liberty, freedom, and natural rights Two most powerful ideas were civic equality and popular sovereignty Women not included

19. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. The Women’s March on Versailles Women upset about bread prices gather at Versailles – October 5, 1789 King Louis XVI forced to go back to Paris The Women of Paris marched to Versailles on October 5, 1789. The following day the royal family was forced to return to Paris with them. Henceforth, the French government would function under the constant threat of mob violence.

20. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Reforms of the National Assembly 10/10/89 National Assembly moves to Paris Judicial Reforms no more parlement court system. New courts established. Democratized system of justice. No more torture. Use of juries in criminal cases. General Economic Reforms uphold laissez-faire doctrine and abolish guilds. labor unions and trade associations. All occupations were open to all classes. No internal tolls or customs.

21. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Reforms of the National Assembly Religious Reforms lands confiscated monasticism abolished clergy reduced in wealth and power New Civil Constitution of the Clergy (July 1790) to guide clerics, conflict with pope Finance Reforms No more unequal taxation Taxes now based on land and profits from trade and industry New paper money called assignats (a-seen-YA) established and backed by confiscated church lands When the government printed too many of them, inflation resulted and their value fell.

22. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Reforms of the National Assembly Political Reforms - Constitution of 1791 3 branches of government established – executive, judicial and legislative. Lawmaking given to legislative branch King could veto all but constitutional and financial bills, but 3x thru legislature could override king’s veto. King’s budget limited Voting was limited to 25 year olds and over, tax paying males, and office limited to what amounted to middle and upper class males with financial restraints. Bourgeoisie seemed to have the power!

23. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. The Legislative Assembly National Constituent Assembly gives way to Legislative Assembly 10/1791. At this point, peasants and bourgeoisie gain the most from the revolution, and many wanted to stop here. Parisians, clergy, soldiers, and aristocracy were not happy, however, and had diverse interests they wanted to see addressed Jacobins - In Paris, more radical groups met to discuss the perpetuation of the Revolution. This included Marat, Danton, and Robespierre. They wanted to end the monarchy and extend the Revolution. Girondists – Radical part of the Jacobins that assumed leadership of the Assembly. Declared war on Austria, Holland, Belgium, Great Britain. Forced Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette into imprisonment La Montagne – Most radical political group during the French Revolution whose members, called Montagnards, sat on the highest benches in the Assembly. They were the most radical group and opposed the Girondists.. Led by Maximilien Robespierre, the Montagnards unleashed the Reign of Terror in 1794.

24. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. France at War with Europe Declaration of Pillnitz (27 August 1791) – Emperor Leopold II of Austria and King Frederick William II of Prussia announce that if another European power joins them they will intervene in France to protect the monarchy Girondists saw this as pretext for war, started their own war with Great Britain, Holland, and Belgium, hoping to spread revolution

25. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Map 18–1 FRENCH PROVINCES AND THE REPUBLIC In 1789, the National Constituent Assembly redrew the map of France. The ancient provinces (A) were replaced with a larger number of new, smaller departments (B). This redrawing of the map was part of the assembly’s effort to impose greater administrative rationality in France. The borders of the republic (C) changed as the French army conquered new territory.

26. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Jean-Baptiste Delambre (1749–1822) was one of the French astronomers whose measurements of the arch of meridians formed the basis for establishing the length of the meter.

27. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Counterrevolutionary Activity Emigres – aristocrats who left France for bordering countries In June 1791, Louis XVI and his family attempted to flee France. They were recognized in the town of Varennes, where their flight was halted and they were returned to Paris. This ended any realistic hope for a constitutional monarchy. Other European monarchs express support for the Ancien’ Regime, leading to wars with revolutionary France.

28. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. The Convention and the Sans-Culottes The September Massacres (1792) – 1,200 inmates murdered in prisons by Parisians out of fear of counter-rebellion Convention – September 21, 1792 – Legislative Assembly calls for universal male suffrage and for France to be a monarchy Sans-culottes Name comes from the long trousers of the working people Led a Revolution more radical than the Girondists Anti-monarchical, republican, and wanted the people to make the decisions Policies of the Jacobins – began to cooperate with sans-culottes despite not having a problem with wealthy Execution of Louis XVI – beheaded on January 21, 1793

29. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. On January 21, 1793, the Convention executed Louis XVI by guillotine. Cliché Bibliotheque Nationale de France, Paris

30. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. This is an example of the French Revolution-era clothing worn by the Sans-culottes or members of the poorer classes and their leaders. The outfit is comprised of the pantalon (long trousers), carmagnole (short- skirted coat), red cap of liberty, and sabots (wooden shoes). Dorling Kindersley Media Library/Mark Hamilton © Dorling Kindersley

32. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION Reign of Terror to the 18 th of Brumaire

33. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Edmund Burke Wrote Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790) – said revolution will end in military despotism American Revolution hero Thomas Paine disagreed with him Other European nations agreed with Burke when France declared war on Austria

34. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Maximilien de Robespierre Maximilien Robespierre (1758– 1794) emerged as the most powerful revolutionary figure in 1793 and 1794, dominating the Committee of Public Safety. He considered the Terror essential for the success of the revolution. Dominant figure of the National Assembly Had support of sans-culotte Called for an assault on all enemies of the Revolution

35. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. The Reign of Terror 1793-1794 There was a sense that the achievements of the revolution were in trouble by the wars Real and imagined enemies of revolution arrested and executed (peasants, nobles, clergy, business people and ex-revolutionary leaders)

36. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. The Republic Defended The Committee of Public Safety (1793) – carried out the duties of the executive branch in dictatorial fashion Agreed to ceiling on prices in accordance to the sans-culotte Carried out more executions The Levee en Masse – led by Lazare Carnot (organizer of French Rev. Army), had military requisition on the entire population Various other practices - New calendar, de-Christianization, et cetera The Festival of the Supreme Being, which took place in June 1794, inaugurated Robespierre’s new civic religion. Its climax occurred when a statue of Atheism was burned and another statue of Wisdom rose from the ashes.

37. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Revolutionary Calendar The Republican calendar year began at the Southward equinox and had twelve months of 30 days each, which were given new names based on nature, principally having to do with the prevailing weather in and around Paris.Southward equinox Autumn: VendémiaireVendémiaire in French (from Latin vindemia, "grape harvest"), starting 22, 23 or 24 September BrumaireBrumaire (from French brume, "fog"), starting 22, 23 or 24 October FrimaireFrimaire (From French frimas, "frost"), starting 21, 22 or 23 November Winter: NivôseNivôse (from Latin nivosus, "snowy"), starting 21, 22 or 23 December PluviôsePluviôse (from Latin pluvius, "rainy"), starting 20, 21 or 22 January VentôseVentôse (from Latin ventosus, "windy"), starting 19, 20 or 21 February Spring: GerminalGerminal (from Latin germen, "germination"), starting 20 or 21 March FloréalFloréal (from Latin flos, "flower"), starting 20 or 21 April PrairialPrairial (from French prairie, "pasture"), starting 20 or 21 May Summer: MessidorMessidor (from Latin messis, "harvest"), starting 19 or 20 June ThermidorThermidor (or Fervidor) (from Greek thermon, "summer heat"), starting 19 or 20 July FructidorFructidor (from Latin fructus, "fruit"), starting 18 or 19 August Note: On many printed calendars of Year II (1793–94), the month of Thermidor was named Fervidor.

38. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Revolutionary Tribunals Executions Marie Antoinette and royal family Girondist politicians Peasants opposed to the Revolution Some members of sans-culottes Almost anyone with a neck or a head Executions carried out by guillotine, shootings and drownings

39. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. The End of the Terror Robespierre turns on leaders both from the political left and right Law of 22 Prairial (June 10, 1794) – tribunal could convict suspects without evidence against them Before 22 Prairial the Revolutionary Tribunal had pronounced 1,220 death- sentences in thirteen months; during the forty-nine days between the passing of the law and the fall of Robespierre 1,376 persons were condemned (an average of 28 per day), including many innocent victims. Fearing he was turning into a dictator, Robespierre and 80 of his supporters are executed

40. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. The Thermidorian Reaction Revolt against Committee of PS on July 27, 1794 Influence of wealthy middle- class and professional people replaces sans-culottes Committee of Public Safety diminished Law of 22 Prairial repealed Many Jacobin leaders executed Traditional roles of men and women in addition to the church reestablished

41. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Constitution of Year III Ratified on 22 August 1795 by the “National Convention”, which had replaced the “Legislative Assembly” in 1792. Rejected both constitutional monarchy and democracy Established two houses of the legislature and an executive branch under a new system called the “Directory”. Political system based on rank and birth replaced by system of civic equality and social status

42. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. The Government Structure of the New Directory V5-man executive committee or oligarchy [to avoid a dictatorship]. VTried to avoid the dangers of a one-house legislature.  Council of 500  initiates legislation.  Council of Elders [250 members]  married or widowed males over 40 years of age. o They accepted or rejected the legislation.  Both houses elected by electors who owned or rented property worth 100-200 days’ labor [limited to 30,000 voters].  The electors were elected by all males over 21 who were taxpayers.

43. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Characteristics of the Directory VThe Paris Commune (revolutionary govt of Paris) was outlawed. VThe Law of 22 Prairial was revoked. VPeople involved in the original Terror were now attacked  “White” Terror VInflation continues. VRule by rich bourgeois liberals. VSelf-indulgence  frivolous culture; salons return; wild fashions. VPolitical corruption. VRevival of Catholicism.

44. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Political Instability: 1795-1796 April, 1795  Inflation; bread riots. April, 1795  Inflation; bread riots. May 20, 1795  Revolt of Prairial [Year III] May 20, 1795  Revolt of Prairial [Year III] October, 1795 : Vendée and Brittany revolted. Military suppressed them. October, 1795 : Vendée and Brittany revolted. Military suppressed them. May, 1796  First “communist” revolt May, 1796  First “communist” revolt Gracchus Babeuf attempts to overthrow Directory with the Conspiracy of Equals Wanted to distribute property even amongst all citizens. Plot fails and Babeuf is executed Gracchus Babeuf attempts to overthrow Directory with the Conspiracy of Equals Wanted to distribute property even amongst all citizens. Plot fails and Babeuf is executed

45. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. 18 Brumaire (Nov. 9, 1799)  Coup d’état by Napoleon and various supporters ended the Directory.  Replaced by the “Consulate”, with Napoleon as “First Consul”  Approved by a plebiscite in December.  Abbe Sieyès: Confidence from below; authority from above.

46. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Summary of Governments GovernmentDateNotes Assembly of Notables1787- Estates General1788- National Assembly1789- National Constituent Assembly 1789Post-Tennis Court Oath, Declaration of Rights of Man Legislative Assembly1791- National Convention1792- Committee of Public Safety 1793-94Reign of Terror Directory1795-99Post-Thermidorean Reaction and Instability Consulate1799Napoleon Bonaparte

47. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. A British Cartoon about Napoleon’s Coup in 1799