1. Seminar in applied linguistics Lecture 3
Dr.Abdulrahman Alkhirbash
Seminar in applied linguistics Lecture 3
Dr. Abdulrahman Alkhirbash

2. Dr.Abdulrahman Alkhirbash
Applied linguistics and Language teaching There is a role to applied linguistics in the field of language teaching methods. Based on the different perspectives on language there are many teaching and learning methods developed. Some of them are as follow: 1. Grammar Translation Method Grammar translation method is a method of foreign or second language teaching which makes use of translation and grammar study as the main teaching and learning activities

3. Dr.Abdulrahman Alkhirbash
The Grammar Translation Method was the traditional way Latin and Greek were taught in Europe.
In the 19th century it began to be used to teach “modern” languages such as French, German, and English, and it is still used in some countries today.

4. Dr.Abdulrahman Alkhirbash
A typical lesson consists of the presentation of a grammatical rules, a study of lists of vocabulary, and a translation exercise
A lesson= grammatical rules+vocabulary+translation
Because the Grammar Translation Method emphasizes reading rather than the ability to communicate in a language, there was a reaction to it in the 19th century (see NATURAL APPROACH, DIRECT METHOD), and there was later a greater emphasis on the teaching of spoken language.

5. Dr.Abdulrahman Alkhirbash
Grammar Translation is a way of studying a language that approaches the language first through detailed analysis of its grammar rules, followed by application of this knowledge to the task of translating sentences and texts into and out of the target language…
Reading and writing are the focus; little or no systematic attention is paid to speaking and listening.
Vocabulary selection is based solely on the reading texts used, and words are taught through bilingual word lists, dictionary study, and memorization.

6. Dr.Abdulrahman Alkhirbash
The sentence is the basic unit of teaching and language practice. Much of the lesson is devoted to translating sentences into and out of the target language, and it is this focus on the sentence that is a distinctive feature of this method.
Accuracy is emphasized. Students are expected to attain high standards in translation, because of "the high priority attached to meticulous standards of accuracy which, as well as having an intrinsic moral value, was a prerequisite for passing the increasing number of formal written examinations that grew up during the century" (Howatt 1984: 132, cf. Jack C. Richards & Theodore S. Rodgers, 1986,4).

7. Dr.Abdulrahman Alkhirbash
Grammar is taught deductively, that is, by presentation and study of grammar rules, which are then practiced through translation exercises.
The student's native language is the medium of instruction. It is used to explain new items and to enable comparisons to be made between the foreign language and the student's native language.

8. Dr.Abdulrahman Alkhirbash
Shortcomings
"a tedious experience of memorizing endless lists of unusable grammar rules and vocabulary and attempting to produce perfect translations of stilted or literary prose."
---Adapted from Richards, J. C., & Rodgers, T. S. (1986). Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.4.
"It is a method for which there is no theory. There is no literature that offers a rationale or justification for it or that attempts to relate it to issues in linguistics, psychology, or educational theory."(ibid.p.5)

9. Dr.Abdulrahman Alkhirbash
Summary
Grammar teaching involves any instructional technique that draws learners' attention to some specific grammatical form in such a way that it helps them to understand and internalize it.
Translation can make the student come to closer grips with the target language. A simultaneous awareness of two media could actually make the student see the points of convergence and divergence more clearly and also refine the tools of perception and analysis resulting in divergent thinking."(Chellapan, 1982, cf.Shih-Chuan Chang, 2011,pp.16)

10. Dr.Abdulrahman Alkhirbash
2. The direct method
Use the natural way to communicate, like a baby learning its mother tongue.
In the late 19th century in Europe, for economic development, the communication among nations became more frequent.
Foreign languages learning was highly demanded.
Oral communication became the main goal of foreign language teaching.

11. First introduced in France and Germany.
Dr.Abdulrahman Alkhirbash
Revolution to Grammar Translation Method. One of the revolutionists was Francois Gouin.
First introduced in France and Germany.
Berlitz (Maximilian D. Berlitz, ) used extensively in Rhode Island, USA, and opened the first language school.

12. Strong theoretical base in linguistics and psychology.
Dr.Abdulrahman Alkhirbash
Strong theoretical base in linguistics and psychology.
Language is primarily spoken, not written.
The basic unit of a language is sentence.
Learning how to use a foreign language to communicate.
No translation is allowed.