1. Policy Implementation
Prof. Dr. Muhammad Mushtaq Khan

2. Policy Implementation
Implementation process is an interactive process performed and influenced by various networks, actors, stakeholders, individuals and groups.

3. Policy Implementation
Models and Approaches of Implementation
Top-down approach
Bottom-up approach
Policy Action Model

4. Top-down approach
Derthick, Pressman & Wildavsky are the main advocates of this approach
Policy making as a linear process with a clear division between policy formulation & policy implementation
Policy formulation: values, goals, ought to be

5. Top-down approach Implementation: technical and managerial process
Policy formulation at national or international level and implementation by managers at lower levels
Ideal model of perfect implementation

6. Bottom-up approach Wetherley and Lipsky
Contrast to the Top down (linear view) of the policy process
top down model lacks effective implementation in practice

7. Bottom-up approach
Implementers often play an important part in policy implementation, not merely as managers of policy towards down, but as active participant in an extremely complex process that inform policy upwards too.

8. Bottom-up approach
This process needs to take account the interaction of bureaucrats with their clients /users/ beneficiaries at grass root level
It should be seen as much more interactive process characterized by bargaining, negotiation and conflict

9. Bottom-up approach
Implementers may change the way of polices implemented, are even redefine the objectives of the policy because they are closer to the problem and the local situation.

10. Policy Action Model
Lewis and Flynn developed a behavioral model that views implementation as action by actors which is constrained by the world outside their organizations

11. Policy Action Model
Implementation is an interactive bargaining process taking place over time between those who are responsible for enacting public policy and those who have control of resources

12. Policy Action Model
More emphasis is placed on issues of power & dependence , interests, motivations & behavior than in either the top down or bottom up approaches.

13. Implementation Tools
Authority (fine, punishments)
Incentive

14. Implementation in practice
Impact of Contextual Factors upon Implementation
Political Context
Economic Context
Socio-cultural Context
Demographic Context

15. Implementation in practice
Political Context
Wars
Civil wars
Violent political conflicts
Political instability resulting in frequent change of governments
Political energy that is needed for the effective implementation of policies

16. Implementation in practice
E.g. population-planning program during Bhutto and Zia regime. India Indira Gandhi
Local bodies election, Motorway, Peoples program
Central local relationship (legislative control, budget)
Accountability

17. Implementation in practice
Economic Context
Overall economic conditions of a country
Govt priorities
Less resources (Social welfare policies)
Donors (local knowledge, passive, terms &conditions, flow of resources, dependence)

18. Socio-cultural Context
Literacy rate
Level of awareness
Cultural values (smoking, drink driving, guns and weapons)

19. Demographic Context Rapid growth in population Law & Order
Urbanization
Pressures (employment, housing, services, traffic, welfare sectors)