2. Cells Anatomy & Physiology

3. What do you remember? http://www.sciencegeek.net/Biology/review/U1a nimalcells.htmhttp://www.sciencegeek.net/Biology/review/U1a nimalcells.htm

4. Cells vary in SIZE and STRUCTURE Depends on what they do

5. All Cells have Nucleus Cytoplasm (cytosol) Cell Membrane Cells have various organelles that perform functions Cell Membrane is selectively permeable

6. Go over wisc-online (link on my website) Fill in chart from me.

7. Transport system; canals and channels that connect membrane to nucleus and to organelles within the cell Smooth ER (lipid synthesis) Rough ER (contains ribosomes for protein manufacture)

9. Flattened membranes; function to package and deliver proteins produced by the ribosomes Proteins are exported in vesicles

10. Chemical energy from food is converted to a useable form (ATP) process is called Cellular Respiration The “powerhouse” of the cell CRISTAE

11. http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/tdc02.sc i.life.cell.mitochondria/http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/tdc02.sc i.life.cell.mitochondria/

12. http://multimedia.mcb.harvard.edu/

13. Lysosomes - contain digestive enzymes to break down substances Centrosome – forms a spindle during cell division Vesicles – packaged substances, exported Microfilaments and Microtubules - cell skeleton (cytoskeleton), maintains shape and functions in movement Cilia & Flagella

14. Directs cell activities (the “brain” of the cell) Contains genetic information (DNA) in the form of chromatin Also contains a nucleolus – makes ribosomes Has tiny pores where RNA can exit the nucleus

19. Section 3.3 – Movements Through Cell Membranes 1.Passive Transport 2.Active Transport

20. Diffusion Passive High  Low – Concentration Gradient Equilibrium Example: hemodialysis

21. http://highered.mcgra w- hill.com/sites/007249 5855/student_view0/c hapter2/animation__h ow_diffusion_works.h tmlhttp://highered.mcgra w- hill.com/sites/007249 5855/student_view0/c hapter2/animation__h ow_diffusion_works.h tml

22. Facilitated Diffusion Passive High  Low Uses a carrier molecule in the cell membrane

23. http://highered.mcgra w- hill.com/sites/007249 5855/student_view0/c hapter2/animation__h ow_facilitated_diffusi on_works.htmlhttp://highered.mcgra w- hill.com/sites/007249 5855/student_view0/c hapter2/animation__h ow_facilitated_diffusi on_works.html

24. Osmosis Passive High  Low Diffusion of water through a selectively- permeable membrane

25. http://highered.mcgra w- hill.com/sites/007249 5855/student_view0/c hapter2/animation__h ow_osmosis_works.ht mlhttp://highered.mcgra w- hill.com/sites/007249 5855/student_view0/c hapter2/animation__h ow_osmosis_works.ht ml

26. Filtration Forces molecules through membranes Occurs by sheer force Example: blood pressure

28. Isotonic Solution Same water concentration as inside the cell Water will move back and forth, but no net movement.

29. Hypertonic Solution MUCH (hyper) solute (low water) More water inside the cell than outside Net movement of water OUT of the cell Cell shrinks!!

30. Hypotonic Solution LITTLE (hypo) solute (high water) More water outside the cell than inside Net movement of water INTO the cell Cell swells!!

32. Types of Active Transport Low  High Requires cellular energy (ATP)

33. Endocytosis - cell takes in large particles by engulfing them Pinocytosis – “ cell drinking” Phagocytosis – “cell eating” Receptor-mediated endocytosis – cell membrane binds to molecules first before bringing them in

34. Sodium Potassium Pump - the cell pumps out 3 sodium ions and takes in 2 potassium ions.

35. http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_vi ew0/chapter2/animation__how_the_s odium_potassium_pump_works.html

36. Exocytosis - cell releases large particles to the outside

37. Genetics Connection Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis (HPP) – abnormal Na+ channels in muscle cells Increased K+ in blood after exercise alters muscle cell membrane’s charge, Na+ channels open too widely and allow too much Na+ into the cell The muscle cell cannot respond to nervous stimulation for a short time.

38. Cystic Fibrosis (CF) – abnormal Cl - channels in the cells that line lung passageways and ducts of the pancreas cause the symptoms The primary chloride effect causes the Na+ channels to malfunction SALT gets trapped inside the cells This draws in moisture and thickens the surrounding mucous.

39. Tay Sach’s Disease More info later!!!!

40. Mitosis http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AhgRhXl7w_ g&feature=fvsthttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AhgRhXl7w_ g&feature=fvst

41. Mitosis = nuclear division Mitosis is followed by cytokinesis (cell division) The steps of mitosis ensure that each new cell has the exact same number of chromosomes as the original Interphase = growth phase, differentiation occurs

42. Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase IPMAT

43. 1. chromosomes visible (chromatids) 2. centrioles migrate to the poles 3. nuclear membrane disappears 4. nucleolus disappears 5. spindle forms

44. 1. chromosomes line up on the equator, spindle attaches

45. 1. chromatids separate and move to opposite poles

46. 1. chromosomes disappear chromatin 2. nuclear membrane reforms 3. nucleoli reappears 4. spindle disappears 5. centrioles duplicate

47. - division of the cytoplasm to form 2 new daughter cells - organelles are divided - daughter cells are genetically identical Cells return to interphase

49. http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/ani mation__mitosis_and_cytokinesis.html

51. Go to cell cycle lab.

55. http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/activitie s/cell_cycle/cell_cycle.htmlhttp://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/activitie s/cell_cycle/cell_cycle.html

57. http://www.cellsalive.com/cell_cycle.ht m

58. 2. Chemical Signals tell a cell when to start and stop dividing. (Target cells animation: click on go sign)

59. Neighboring cells communicate with dividing cells to regulate their growth also. (Normal contact inhibition animation: click on petri dish)

60. Cancer is a disease of the cell cycle. Some of the body’s cells divide uncontrollably (Hyperplasia) and tumors form. Tumors in Liver Tumor in Colon

61. DNA mutations disrupt the cell cycle. Mutations may be caused by: 1. radiation 2. smoking 3. Pollutants 4. chemicals 5. viruses

62. Dedifferentiation – cancer cells typically resemble undifferentiated cells (stem cells). They lose their specialized structures and functions. Angiogenesis – cancer cells induce the formation of blood vessels. Metastasis – tendency to spread into other tissues.

63. While normal cells will stop dividing if there is a mutation in the DNA, cancer cells will continue to divide with mutation.

64. Due to DNA mutations, cancer cells ignore the chemical signals that start and stop the cell cycle. Due to DNA mutations, cancer cells cannot communicate with neighboring cells. Cells continue to grow and form tumors.

65. Often this is because of a change in function of one of several genes that normally function to control growth. (ie. the cell cycle gene p53, the "guardian of the genome" that is mutated in over 50% of all human cancers) or supress tumor formation (ie the "Breast Cancer Gene" BRCA 1).

66. Once these crucial Cell Cycle genes start behaving abnormally, cancer cells start to proliferate wildly by repeated, uncontrolled mitosis. Unlike normal cells, cancer cells ignore the usual density-dependent inhibition of growth, multiplying after contact with other cells are made, piling up until all nutrients are exhausted.

67. Cancer cells are frequently "immortal": whereas normal cells divide about 50 times and them die, cancer cells can go on dividing indefinitely if supplied with nutrients http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22268/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2226 6/

68. SUMMARY Normal Cell Division 1.DNA is replicated properly. 2. Chemical signals start and stop the cell cycle. 3. Cells communicate with each other so they don’t become overcrowded. Cancer Cells 1.Mutations occur in the DNA when it is replicated. 2. Chemical signals that start and stop the cell cycle are ignored. 3. Cells do not communicate with each other and tumors form.

69. Treating Cancers Cancer treatments include drugs that can stop cancer cells from dividing.

70. Go to Ted Talk

71. 1.Name the phases starting at the top.

72. 1.Name the phase 2.Identify X 3.Identify Y

73. 5. Name the phase

74. 6. Name the structure

75. 1.Name the structure 2.What is its function?

76. http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/stemce lls/http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/stemce lls/

77. 9. Which beaker(s) contains a solution that is hypertonic relative to the bag A B C D E 10. What will happen to the baggie in the hypertonic solutions?