1. Mineral Resources Expert Group The European Union 2020 Strategy: implications for geosciences-innovative visions for raw materials Nikolaos Arvanitidis, Greek Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration (IGME-GR) Warsaw, September 19, 2011

2. EUROGEOSURVEYS(EGS) The Geological Surveys of Europe The mission of the EuroGeoSurveys Mineral Resources Expert Group (EGS MREG) is to provide the best available mineral expertise and information based on the knowledge base of member geological surveys, for policy, industry, communication and education purposes on European level. Representing 32 national geological surveys (and the regional surveys of three countries)

3. EuroGeoSurveys RM related history EGS Mineral Resources Expert Group (MREG) has been and is actively involved in raising sustainability and growth potential issues of European Raw Materials (RM) Zero Study: Resource Use in European Countries Analysis of the competitiveness of the non-energy extractive industry in the EU Strategic EU initiatives, like the Thematic Strategy for Sustainable Use of Mineral Resources and RMI Criticality and best practices ad-hoc WGs of DG-ENT The RM flagship initiative under the Europe 2020 strategy and the European Innovation Partnership (EIP) objectives and targets

4. EGS background instruments Existing tools: European Technology Platforms (ETP) such as Sustainable Mineral Resources (SMR), ECTP, …; Organisations such as EUROMINES, IMA..; European and joint national R&D projects on RM, such as ProMine, EO- MINERS, EUROGEORESOURCE, SARMA, POLINARES, AEGOS… ; Private Public Partnership e.g. Eco-Design Existing measures: Waste Framework Directive, NATURA, CIP Existing initiatives: Raw Materials Initiative (RMI), Thematic Strategies (Sustainable Use of Natural Resources, Waste Prevention and Recycling)

5. Europe needs To improve and ensure the security of supply of non- energy materials along the entire value chain through – exploiting sustainable mineral resources from inside its borders – recycling more, finding alternatives and substitutions for critical minerals – being more resource efficient Strategy for solutions – Europe 2020 strategy aims to achieve smart, sustainable and inclusive growth, supported by seven flagships. – Industrial Policy; Innovation Union; Resource Efficient Europe are Key Flagships in the context of Raw Materials

6. EIP 2020 target Answers to the various common societal challenges EIP – concept for medium to long term deliverables – Demonstrating ten innovative pilot plants for primary and secondary raw materials extraction, processing and recycling, and finding substitutes for at least three key applications of critical raw materials (REE, PGE) – RM dialogue at international level, including better cooperation between the EU and African countries in particular by helping the implementation of the African Mining Vision 2050.

7. Europe is lagging behind Exploration investment/km2 Source: P. Christmann 2009

8. EGS MREG EIP response targets be quantifiable by 2020 Knowledge base / Infrastructure can be established by 2015, capitalizing from the most relevant added value achievements and deliverables of the recent and on going EU projects on this domain. 3-D pan European geological model developing in particular the main identified high potential areas for 2020 Developing of new view on European geology in relation to mineral resources (mainly reinterpretation of metallogenesis) consider exploration as an R & D program/pilot action option EU level harmonization and standardization of national datasets

9. Europe needs advanced exploration It all starts with understanding where mineral deposits occur, how they are formed, and how they can be sustainably extracted! and Innovation is needed in the whole value chain as many critical products are available as by-products of primary mined base metals

10. ProMine databases http://promine.gtk.fi Mineral deposits database Anthropogenic concentration database Mining district database To develop the first pan-European GIS-based database containing the known and predicted metalliferous and non-metalliferous resources, which together define the strategic reserves (including secondary resources) of the EU. To calculate the volumes of potentially strategic metals (e.g. cobalt, niobium, vanadium, antimony, platinum group elements and REE) and minerals that are currently not extracted in Europe. ProMine-Nano-particle products from new mineral resources in Europe

11. Location of deep mineralizations The future of mining of metallic minerals in the EU, if any, will be conditioned by the discovery and exploitation of deep-seated concealed deposits. These are deposits not outcropping on surface, located anywhere between a few hundreds of meters and 3 to 4 km The deeper parts of Europe’s geology offer vastly untouched geological potential Mining of deep seated deposits is likely to be much more acceptable by local populations than surface mining due to its much reduced environmental impacts

12. Better understand the 3rd dimension By 2020 to have in operation ten innovative pilot plants for raw materials extraction and processing and recycling, and to find substitutes for at least three key applications of critical raw materials.. A raw material dialogue at international level will be up and running. Why not a pilot “plant” assessing the 3D geology and mineral potential in Europe? (without new discoveries – no mines – no extraction – no pilot plants necessary!) Source: Pär Weihed, LTU-CAMM, 2011

13. Critical raw materials for the EU http://ec.europa. eu /enterprise / policies / rawmaterials / documents /index_en.htm

14. www.igme.gr meet the demand of critical metals such as Co, PGE, REE, and Sb (e.g. expected to increase by the factor of 8 for In and Ge or even 20 for Ga by 2030).

15. World Rare Earth reserves and supply China produces currently more than 95% of total world production World Rare Earth reserves are very large at 99Mt and it is likely that undiscovered resources are large. The largest individual reserves are in Inner Mongolia, California and Greenland. Ore grades range from around 10% down to as little as 1%. The EU is almost 100% reliant on REE imports, primarily from China.

16. REE primary sources Rare earths are moderately abundant in the earth’s crust, some even more abundant than copper, lead, gold, and platinum. While more abundant than many other minerals, REE are not concentrated enough to make them easily exploitable economically. New mining projects could easily take 10 years to reach production. In the long run, however, the EGS mineral expects expect that global reserves and undiscovered resources are large enough to meet demand. Carbonatite associated deposits e.g. Greenland, Norway Peralkaline rock associated deposits e.g. nepheline syenites in Greenland, Sweden Apatite bearing iron ore deposits e.g. Kiruna Sweden Skarn deposits Placer deposits e.g. shelf concentrations in Greece Residual deposits e.g. Laterites in Greece

17. EGS involvement in EIP proposals New exploration technologies for defining the European deep mineral resources 7 years 128 M€ Building a Pan-European 3D geological mineral resource model. ProMine & ETP-SMR links Technical, economic, environmental, social impacts for Europe

18. EGS involvement in EIP and NMP proposals European Minerals Network - eMINEnt EIP proposal – 8 years (2012-2020) – 48 € million 2012 FP 7 NMP call proposal – 2 years (2013-2014) – 2-3 € million enhancing knowledge base of minerals and metals improving competitiveness and economic growth better understanding of the environmental impacts of resource use and contributing to green economy

19. eMINEnt proposed programmes DEPOSIT / EU mineral deposit database Product: Map of mineral deposits in Europe, 3d modelling RESOURCE / EU mineral data / statistics Product: European Minerals Yearbook OUTLOOK / EU mineral outlook Product: European Minerals Outlook - Annual / biannual COORDINATION/ Horizontal activities/Harmonization Product: Annual / biannual publications, Web portal

20. Potential for commodity focused exploration Mineral resources base: Many potential primary and secondary sources exist within EU’s land and marine environment Active exploration – good results; further effort to new prospecting targets during the next five years (up to 1,5 and 4,0 km depth) Secondary resources (it is estimated that over 4.7 billion tonnes of mining waste and 1.2 billion tonnes of tailings waste are stored all over EU) By-product potential Bottlenecks to be addressed: Limit to growth is not geological in EU Access to land is key Improve the security of sustainable minerals supply Recycling and substitution, important but not stand alone solutions Potential for critical metals to be extracted from primary and secondary resources The challenges not only economic but societal and environmental European Minerals Strategy and Mining Vision 2020 urgently needed!!!

21. Discussion – what will be achieved? Base for innovative projects, exploration, investment and supply & growth, Access to land & avoiding land use conflicts, Information for national mineral policies, Need for future research & exploration to secure sustainable mineral resources Improved standardization and certification, Green mining/Green public procurement.

22. Thank you for your attention http//:nikolaosarvanitidis.eu narvanitidis@thes.igme.gr greenminerals@nikolaosarvanitidis.eu