1. Drill: Calculate the solubility of MgF 2 in 0.10 M KF. K sp MgF 2 = 6.4 x 10 -9

2. Review Drill & Check HW

3. CHM II HW Review PP-29 Work the attached problem & turn it in tomorrow.

4. Drill: Calculate the volume of Cl 2 formed at 27 o C under 75 kPa when xs molten NaCl is electrolyzed with 96.5 mA for 5.0 mins.

5. Nuclear Chemistry

6. The study of reactions that take place in the nuclei of atoms

7. Chemical Reactions In normal chemical reactions, only the electrons are involved

8. Radioactive Nuclei Nuclei that spontaneously decompose

9. Isotopes Elements with the same atomic number, but different mass number

10. Isotopes Elements with = numbers of protons, but  numbers of neutrons

11. Isotopes All elements have at least one radioactive isotope

12. Nuclear Radiation The emission of particles & rays from spontaneously decomposing nuclei

13. Modes of Decay Alpha emission Beta emission Gamma emission Positron emission K-electron capture

14. Alpha Particle (  ) Helium nucleus 2 protons & 2 neutrons mass = 4 amu charge = +2 Penetration power: small

15. Beta Particle (  ) High speed electron 1 electron mass = 1/1836 amu charge = -1 Penetration power: medium

16. Gamma Ray (  ) High energy photon Electromagnetic wave mass = 0 charge = 0 Penetration power: great

17. Positron (  ) Positive electron 1 positive electron mass = 1/1836 amu charge = +1 Penetration power: medium

18. K-capture The capture of an inner level e - by the nucleus 1 electron mass = 1/1836 amu charge = -1

19. Nuclear Symbol Alpha: 2 4 He or 2 4  Beta: -1 0 e or –1 0  Gamma: 0 0  Positron: +1 0 e K-electron: -1 0 e

20. AP CHM HW Read: Chapter 19 Problems: 5 & 7 Page: 552

21. CHM II HW Read: Chapter 26 Problems: 31 & 35 Page: 1036

22. Fission The splitting of a nucleus into smaller nuclei involving the release of energy

23. Fusion The combining of smaller nuclei into a larger nucleus involving the release of energy

24. Drill: Name five types of radiation

25. Drill: Name 3 common types of radiation

26. Fusion The combining of smaller nuclei into a larger one involving the release of energy

27. Transmutation Rxns Nuclear reactions in which one element is changed into another

28. Transmutation Rxns Reactions in which the nucleus of an atom is changed

29. Transmutation Rxns Both fission & fusion are examples of transmutation rxns

30. Transmutation Rxns Can occur through emission of or bombardment by radioactive particles

31. Transmutation Rxns  emission of Pm-142  bombardment of Th-231

32. Transmutation Rxns  emission of  U   followed by two separate  emissions:

33. Transmutation Rxns  bombardment of Th  followed by two separate  emission:

34. Predict Products  emission of O-18 followed by a  emission:

35. Drill: Predict Prod Neutron absorption by U  followed by two separate  emission:

36. Review Drill & Check HW

37. CHM II HW Review PP-29 Complete the attached assignment & turn it in tomorrow.

38. Nuclear Symbols Neutron 0 1 n Proton 1 1 p Electron -1 0 e

39. Predict Products K-capture by V-45 followed by neutron emission then  emission

40. Predict Products  absorption by V- 45 followed by neutron emission then  emission

41. Nuclear Power

42. Nuclear Fission U-235 is the only fissable isotope of uranium 0.71 % of uranium is U-235 99.28 % of uranium is U-238

43. Nuclear Fission Chain reaction can occur only when it reaches critical mass The percentage of U-235 in uranium is too low to form a chain reaction

44. Nuclear Fission To create a chain reaction, the U-235 % must be increased (enriched) greatly Ultra-centrifugation

45. Nuclear Fission To run a power plant, the U-235 needs to be enriched to ~ 2% To make a bomb, the U-235 needs to be enriched to > 70%

47. Nuclear Fission Bomb

48. Decay Rate The rate at which radioactive nuclei break down

49. Half-Life The time it takes for 50 % of the radioactive nuclei to decompose

51. Decay Rate Rate = k  X/  t ln(X i /X f ) = kt 1/2 k = 0.693/t 1/2 t 1/2 = half-life

52. Drill: Predict the products in each step when Boron-12 goes through  bombardment followed by  emission.

53. 1st Order Age Dating Formula ln(X i /X f )t 1/2 0.693 t =

54. Calculate the age of a skeleton found with 0.125 % C-14 when atmospheric C-14 = 1.00 %. t 1/2 C-14 = 5730 yr

55. Calculate the age of a tooth found with 0.00132 % C-14 when atmospheric C-14 = 1.00 %. t 1/2 C-14 = 5730

56. AP CHM HW Read: Chapter 19 Problems: 26 & 27 Page: 553

57. CHM II HW Read: Chapter 26 Problems: 53 & 54 Page: 1037

58. Calculate the age of a bone found with 0.000010 % C-14 when atmospheric C- 14 = 1.00 %. t 1/2 C-14 = 5720

59. Drill: A fossil contained 3.125% of its original carbon-14. Determine its age. t 1/2 for C-14 = 5720 yrs

60. Mass-Energy Relations  E =  mc 2

61. Nuclear Fact The mass of any nucleus is different than the sum of the masses of its protons & neutrons

62. Nuclear Fact The energy corresponding to the mass difference can be solved using:  E =  mc 2

63. Binding Energy The energy that holds a nucleus together corresponds to  m of nucleus

64. In an atomic bomb, 40.00 kg of U-235 (235.401) is split into Ba-143 (14 3.223) + Kr-89 (89.335) + 2 neutrons (1.014). A) Calculate the energy released. B) Calculate the wavelength of the  ray

65. Drill: Show neutron bombardment of Ra-223 followed by 3 alpha emissions

66. Review Drill & Check HW

67. CHM II HW Review PP-25, 27, & 29 Test tomorrow on Solubility, Redox, & Nuclear Chm.

68. Know general definitions All are in the power points 25, 27, & 29

69. Know the radioactive particles & their characteristics.

70. Alpha (  ) Beta (  ) Gamma (  )

71. Know how to balance transmutation reactions

72. Show the intermediates and the final isotope of alpha bombardment of Xe-136 followed by two separate beta emissions.

73. Know how to perform age dating ln(X i /X f )t 1/2 0.693 t =

74. Calculate the age of a bone found with 0.000010 % C-14 when atmospheric C-14 = 1.00 %. t 1/2 C-14 = 5730

75. Know How to Balance a REDOX Reaction

76. Balance Rxn in Acid: Cr 2 O 7 -2 + NO Cr +3 + NO 3 -1

77. Be able to perform solubility calculations

78. Calculate the solubility of FeS (s) K sp FeS = 2.0 x 10 -19

79. Calculate the solubility of GaF 3(s) K sp GaF 3 = 3 x 10 -19

80. Calculate the solubility of GaF 3 in 0.10 NaF K sp GaF 3 = 3 x 10 -19