1. Nuclear Professional School - University of Tokyo - Tokai (Japan) - April 27th 2007 Status of the PLASMONX Project: Perspectives of Plasma Acceleration Experiments and Coherent X-Ray Generation @ INFN-LNF Luca Serafini - INFN/MI - on behalf of SPARC & PLASMONX Team PLASMONX is well progressing through its preparatory phase with acquisition/installation of its major components (200 TW laser / SPARC photoinjector) Experiments @ ILIL/IPCF (Pisa) on 2 TW probe laser beam Experiments at european facilities (SLIC/CEA, IOQ/Jena) Design of Thomson Source with perspectives of Coherent X-Ray generation in the 1 Å - 1 nm spectrum range

2. Nuclear Professional School - University of Tokyo - Tokai (Japan) - April 27th 2007 The PLASMONX goals LWFA acceleration of externally injected high brightness electron bunches in shaped density plasmas LWFA acceleration of self-injected electrons/protons Thomson backscattering X/  Sources

3. Nuclear Professional School - University of Tokyo - Tokai (Japan) - April 27th 2007 High Brightness Electron Beams (from 10’s fs to a few ps bunch length) (PLasma Acceleration at Sparc & MONochromatic X-rays) IS BASED ON THE MARRIAGE BETWEEN: High Intensity Laser Beams (30-100 fs pulses)

4. Nuclear Professional School - University of Tokyo - Tokai (Japan) - April 27th 2007 The PLASMONX Project, funded by INFN, is based on a collaboration between: INFN-Pisa, INFN-Milano, INFN-Frascati, INFN- Bologna, INFN-MilanoBicocca CNR ILIL@IPCF (Pisa) The MAMBO experiment, funded by INFN and linked to PLASMONX, is based on a collaboration between: INFN-Cagliari, INFN-Milano, INFN-Ferrara, INFN-Pisa, INFN-Roma, Univ. Siena, Univ. Sassari, Univ. Pisa

5. Nuclear Professional School - University of Tokyo - Tokai (Japan) - April 27th 2007 Under INFN responsibility Under ENEA responsibility IS THE FIRST INGREDIENT GOALS Generation of 30-150 MeV e - beams (Q,  t,  n,  ) Phase 1) 1 nC, 3 ps, 1  m, 10 -3 Phase 2) 1 nC, 0.5-3 ps, 2  m, 5. 10 -4 PLASMONX) 20 pC, 60 fs, 0.5  m, 2. 10 -3

6. Nuclear Professional School - University of Tokyo - Tokai (Japan) - April 27th 2007

7. Mira Ti:Sa Oscillator Hidra CPA Ti:Sa Amplifier RGA + 2 MP THG UV Stretcher Verdi Nd:YVO 4 Continuum Nd:Yag Pumps Seed Line Evolution Nd:YLF Synchro Lock PLL RF Reference R&S 2,856 GHz DAZZLER TeO 2 Ext. Synch. f/36 800 nm 50 mJ 10 Hz 100 fs 800 nm 10 nJ 80 MHz 100 fs 266 nm 4 mJ 10 Hz 100 fs 266 nm 1,8 mJ 10 Hz 0.5-12 ps LASER SYSTEM Custom-laser purch. from Coherent Flat Top Time Profile rise time < 1 ps Pulse Shaping developed in house RF-laser jitter < 0.5 ps long term goal: 100 fs

8. Nuclear Professional School - University of Tokyo - Tokai (Japan) - April 27th 2007 Faraday cup E-meter Magnets Spectrometer cross BCMBeam dump Sparc hall

9. Nuclear Professional School - University of Tokyo - Tokai (Japan) - April 27th 2007 C.Ronsivalle

10. Nuclear Professional School - University of Tokyo - Tokai (Japan) - April 27th 2007 Frascati Laser for Acceleration and Multidisciplinary Experiments (FLAME) SECOND INGREDIENT

11. Nuclear Professional School - University of Tokyo - Tokai (Japan) - April 27th 2007 TypeWavelengthDelivered energy DurationContrast Phase 1 CPA Ti:Sa 0.8 micron6J50fs>10 6 Phase 2 CPA Ti:Sa with OPCPA 0.8 micron6J30fs>10 8 Expected delivery @ LNF by june 2008 from Amplitude

12. AREA

13. Nuclear Professional School - University of Tokyo - Tokai (Japan) - April 27th 2007 SPARC Building Complex CONTROL ROOM ACCELERATOR UNDERGROUND BUNKER MODULATOR & KLYSTRON HALL 15 m 36 m PHOTOCATHODE DRIVE LASER CLEAN ROOM

14. HILL@ LNF: location HILL area FLAME beam e - -beam SPARC bunker HILL

15. Nuclear Professional School - University of Tokyo - Tokai (Japan) - April 27th 2007 LINAC UNDULATOR synchronisation uncompressed pulse vacuum compressor acceleration chamber detectors area control & data

16. Nuclear Professional School - University of Tokyo - Tokai (Japan) - April 27th 2007 Schematic layout 14.5 m1.5m 11º 10.0 m 5.4 m quadrupoles dipoles Diagnostic 1-6 Undulator modules Photoinjector solenoid RF sections RF deflector collimator 25º

17. Installation of the 2TW Amplifier @ ILIL-CNR/PISA TiSa: 2TW main beam + 0.1 TW beam. Existing system New amplifier + Compressor

18. Activation of beam line For laser performance testing via laser-solid interactions Beam focusing using off-axis parabolic mirror

19. Nuclear Professional School - University of Tokyo - Tokai (Japan) - April 27th 2007 Experimental technique SP-PHC10 Hz rep rate fs laser pulse 1-10 TW Optical spectroscopy on reflected and diffused radiation Main issue for single photon detection: Reduce unwanted X-ray photons! Use lots of shielding and magnets!

20. Nuclear Professional School - University of Tokyo - Tokai (Japan) - April 27th 2007 Experimental set-up for the generation of tunable X-ray radiation via Thomson scattering of optical photons by relativistic electron bunches 10-50  m electron and laser beam spot size keV to MeV photons 10 5 to 10 8 per pulse 0.1 to a few J laser pulses tens of fs to ps long 1 nC

21. Nuclear Professional School - University of Tokyo - Tokai (Japan) - April 27th 2007 Inverse Compton Scattering e-e-  L X  Normal Compton Scattering the photon has higher energy than the electron  The inverse process has the Thomson cross-section when h x <  The scattered photon satisfies the undulator equation with period L /2 for head-on collisions energy =  e =  m e X = L (1+      44  Therefore, the x-ray energy decreases by a factor of 2 at an angle 1/  EeEe

22. Nuclear Professional School - University of Tokyo - Tokai (Japan) - April 27th 2007 THOMSON BACK-SCATTERING e - (1 GeV); 0 =1µm, E 0 =1.24 eV T =6 x10 -8 µm, E T =20 MeV e - (200 MeV); 0 =1µm, E 0 =1.24 eV T =1.56 x10 -6 µm, E T =800 KeV e - (29 MeV); 0 =0.8µm, E 0 =1.5 eV T =0.5 x10 -4 µm, E T =20 KeV

23. Nuclear Professional School - University of Tokyo - Tokai (Japan) - April 27th 2007 Compact Sources of Monochromatic X-rays based on Relativistic Thomson back-scattering X  las ((1-cos  )/2)/ 4  2 las = 0.8  m  =80 X =0.32 Å, 37 keV Thomson scattering if h << m 0 c 2 (no e - recoil) Spontaneous Synchrotron Radiation emitted by electrons oscillating in the intense laser field Laser Synchrotron Radiation Source

24. Nuclear Professional School - University of Tokyo - Tokai (Japan) - April 27th 2007 Brightness of Electron Beam is the Key Issue Quality Factor : beam peak current density normalized to the rms beam divergence angle (linked to transverse beam coherence) I = peak current in fs to ps long electron bunch = average current over 1 s  nx = rms normalized transverse emittance z    ’  x x’  eq  ’ high  ’ low Brightness is crucial to maintain colliding or copropagating (e -, h ) beams well overlapped (enhancing coherence…)

25. Nuclear Professional School - University of Tokyo - Tokai (Japan) - April 27th 2007 Laser pulse must be short compared to Rayleigh length so that whole pulse is focused simultaneously. Laser may be shorter than Rayleigh length, but less than 0.5 ps is not practical, and could lead to non-linear effects. Laser pulse length matched to focus size (Rayleigh length). Laser pulse too long for small focus size. Matching Laser Pulse Length and Focus Size

26. Nuclear Professional School - University of Tokyo - Tokai (Japan) - April 27th 2007 electrons laser electrons laser Electron Bunch Length Matched to Rayleigh Length Electron pulse too long Electron pulse matched Poor efficiency at head and tail

27. Nuclear Professional School - University of Tokyo - Tokai (Japan) - April 27th 2007 Angular and spectral distribution of the TS radiation in the case of 3 ps laser pulse (12.5 µm beam waist) Linear Thomson Scattering

28. Nuclear Professional School - University of Tokyo - Tokai (Japan) - April 27th 2007 In the 2005 simulation (autumn), playing especially with the injection phase of the II TW structure (involved in the linear correlation correction) have been possible obtain a bunch of about 3ps (~1mm) shorter, with a denser core 2005 2004 8  m focal spot-size e- beams at 30 MeV with 5. 10 -4 rms energy spread

29. Nuclear Professional School - University of Tokyo - Tokai (Japan) - April 27th 2007 High Flux operation mode Current best working pointPulse 2.5nC 8ps long (full size) 13  m rms tr. Size 1.5 mm mrad norm emittance 0.05% energy spread Bunch TEM00 5J in 6ps w 0 = 15  m

30. Nuclear Professional School - University of Tokyo - Tokai (Japan) - April 27th 2007 22%FWHM 5% FWHM

31. Nuclear Professional School - University of Tokyo - Tokai (Japan) - April 27th 2007

32. electron energy 5 MeV (  e = 50 mrad,  e =  /2) flat-top laser pulse = 1  m, a 0 =1.5,  = 20 fs NON-LINEAR THOMSON SCATTERING

33. Nuclear Professional School - University of Tokyo - Tokai (Japan) - April 27th 2007

34. Specify with simple formulas these conditions in terms of typical electron and laser beam parameters (current, emittance, power, pulse duration, focal region) Recent 3D simulations show existence of FEL instability with exponential growth in a Thomson Source under certain conditions of electron and laser beam characteristics A. Bacci et al., PRSTAB 9, 060704 (2006)

35. Nuclear Professional School - University of Tokyo - Tokai (Japan) - April 27th 2007 FEL resonance condition (magnetostatic wiggler ) Example : for R =1A, w =2cm, E=7 GeV (electromagnetic wiggler ) Example : for R =1A, =0.8  m, E=25MeV laser power laser spot size

36. Nuclear Professional School - University of Tokyo - Tokai (Japan) - April 27th 2007 Conditions to operate a Thomson Source in FEL mode 2 mrad e - beam rms divergence 2  rad radiation beam diffraction

37. Nuclear Professional School - University of Tokyo - Tokai (Japan) - April 27th 2007 up to 2. 10 10 photons per pulse @ 6 keV, emitted in a coherent diffraction limited radiation beam,  =3  rad (cmp. 10 9 ph/pulse in  =3 mrad of incoherent Thomson radiation) 1.5 kA 15 MeV 0.6 mm. mrad e - beam vs. 20 J 4 ps Ti:Sa laser pulse --> R = 3.6 Å

38. Nuclear Professional School - University of Tokyo - Tokai (Japan) - April 27th 2007

39. Far field on the transverse plane

40. Nuclear Professional School - University of Tokyo - Tokai (Japan) - April 27th 2007 Saturation length and amplitude vs. emittance

41. Nuclear Professional School - University of Tokyo - Tokai (Japan) - April 27th 2007 1D calculation with ripples on the laser profile g(z,t)=1+   sin (k fluct z+ct) a 0 =0,8 L =0,8  m  =30  r =10  m  = 4.4. 10 -4 L g / =  fluct /  L = 1/4  = 0.0055  tr = 4  =0.002 L g / =  fluct /  L =1/4  = 0.0055

42. Nuclear Professional School - University of Tokyo - Tokai (Japan) - April 27th 2007

43. Comparison Genesis vs. Eura a w0 =0.3  x =0.3  =10 -4, R =1.515 nm I=900 A  x =12.5micron (a)Genesis (500 slices, 50 Lc) (b) EURA P 0 = 6 W

44. Nuclear Professional School - University of Tokyo - Tokai (Japan) - April 27th 2007 SPARX TTF 12.41.240.124 (nm) PLASMON-X Compact Thomson Sources extend SR to hard X-ray range allowing Advanced Radiological Imaging inside Hospitals Brilliance of X-ray radiation sources THOMSON-FEL Coherent Thomson Sources will push the brilliance if flat-top multi-J laser pulses With  I/I <  = 2. 10 -3 will be made available

45. Nuclear Professional School - University of Tokyo - Tokai (Japan) - April 27th 2007 More Details in: http://pcfasci.fisica.unimi.it/Homepage.html http://www.lnf.infn.it/acceleratori/sparc/ http://ilil.ipcf.cnr.it/plasmonx/ http://www.lnf.infn.it/conference/sparx05/

46. Nuclear Professional School - University of Tokyo - Tokai (Japan) - April 27th 2007

47. Conditions to operate a Thomson Source in FEL mode Beam-laser overlap (laser uniform in x,y,z) Laser length Laser FEL e-beam Laser ripples Laser bandwidth

48. Nuclear Professional School - University of Tokyo - Tokai (Japan) - April 27th 2007 Generalized Pellegrini criterion Conditions to operate a Thomson Source in FEL mode FEL bandwidth broadening due to beam emittance see also Li-Hua Yu, S. Krinsky, NIM A272, 436 (1988) when betatron motion is absent

49. Nuclear Professional School - University of Tokyo - Tokai (Japan) - April 27th 2007 Generalized Pellegrini criterion LCLSFEL-Thomson

50. Nuclear Professional School - University of Tokyo - Tokai (Japan) - April 27th 2007 At the critical threshold all the parameters can be given as functions of I, and  with the additional conditionimplying

51. Nuclear Professional School - University of Tokyo - Tokai (Japan) - April 27th 2007 For the case of a Ti:Sa laser we derive*:

52. Nuclear Professional School - University of Tokyo - Tokai (Japan) - April 27th 2007 Setting  = 0.15 % and I = 1500 A Classical SASE

53. Nuclear Professional School - University of Tokyo - Tokai (Japan) - April 27th 2007

54. SASE-FELs will allow an unprecedented upgrade in Source Brilliance Covering from the VUV to the 1 Å X-ray spectral range: new Research Frontiers SPARX TTF 12.41.240.124 (nm) PLASMON-X Compact Thomson Sources extend SR to hard X-ray range allowing Advanced Radiological Imaging inside Hospitals Brilliance of X-ray radiation sources

55. Nuclear Professional School - University of Tokyo - Tokai (Japan) - April 27th 2007 Two additional beam lines at SPARC for plasma acceleration and monochromatic X-ray beams 30-50 fs synchr. Ti:Sa 200-TW Laser System 1 J, 10 ps gaussian 1 J, 100 fs gaussian Compr. 20 mJ, 10 ps flat top 500  J 20 pC, 10-60 fs 2 nC, 10 ps  n =2  m,  =5  m,  =4. 10 -4  n =0.2  m,  =10  m 1 nC, 10 ps,  n =1  m

56. Nuclear Professional School - University of Tokyo - Tokai (Japan) - April 27th 2007 MAMBO/MAMBO2 start to end simulation from photocathode to X-ray detector

57. Nuclear Professional School - University of Tokyo - Tokai (Japan) - April 27th 2007

58. Comparison between Genesis and EURA static undulator starting from noise

59. Nuclear Professional School - University of Tokyo - Tokai (Japan) - April 27th 2007