1. What is Psychology? Chapter 1

2. Psychology The discipline concerned with behavior and mental processes and how they are affected by an organism’s physical state, mental state, and external environment. It is based on scientific research and empirical evidence - relying on or derived from observation, experimentation, or measurement

3. Psychology’s Past Until the nineteenth century, psychology was not a formal discipline Great thinkers like Aristotle raised questions that today we would call psychology –How people take in information –Solve problems –Become motivated to act

4. Psychology’s Past Wanted to describe, predict, understand, and modify behavior to add to human knowledge and increase human happiness They did not rely heavily on empirical evidence – often their observations were based on anecdotes or descriptions of individual cases

5. Psychology’s Past – Good News, Bad News Good News – early thinkers not always wrong –Hippocrates – brain is the source of all pleasures –Stoic Philosophers – emotions related to explanations of events –Locke – the mind works by association - ideas arising from experience

6. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MzjoKhBklYg www.clipsforclass.com/research

7. Journal Entry- September 9th Please answer the following questions in complete sentences on your journals sheet… 1. What is your opinion of the people in the video clip? 2. Why do you think the people in the video fell for this? 3. Could you fall for this? Why or why not? 4. Do you think the victims’ behavior was affected by their belief that the actor was a doctor?

8. Psychology’s Past – Good News, Bad News Bad News – without empirical methods, mistakes were made, psych was lumped in with other less-reputable disciplines –Phrenology: Different brain areas accounted for specific character and personality traits –Graphology: One’s personality could be revealed through analyzing handwriting samples –Astrology: Heavenly bodies influence human affairs

9. Phrenology

10. Based upon the “bumps” “ridges” and “depressions” in your skull Believers think you can tell a person’s personality by feeling their head The Roots, Album: Phrenology

11. Graphology http://www.handwritingpro.com/examples.html

12. Astrology

13. Is your Horoscope Accurate? http://www.horoscope.com/ http://www.astrology.com/horoscopes

14. Activity! Please get out a separate sheet of paper. Next draw a picture of a pig on your paper. No questions, just draw

15. What Psychology Is Not “Psychobabble” – pseudoscience and quackery covered by a veneer of psychological and scientific- sounding language Unsupported popular opinion vs. serious psychology based on research evidence

16. Kinoki foot pads http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detoxification_foot_pads Phiten Necklaces Shapeups http://articles.cnn.com/2012-05-16/us/us_ftc-skechers-fine_1_shape-ups-toning-shoes- skechers?_s=PM:US

17. Turn to someone next to you and share one thing you learned today

18. Thinking Critically About Psychology Can you distinguish between psychobabble and empirical psychology? Critical thinking –The ability and willingness to assess claims and make judgments on the basis of well-supported reasons and evidence, rather than emotion or anecdote.

19. Critical Thinking Guidelines 1.Be willing to wonder –Why is the Sky Blue? Why did that guy cry when he saw a double rainbow?/ What is wrong here? 2.Define your terms - First you ask questions, then you need to make them clear/ concrete

20. Critical Thinking Guidelines 3. Examining the evidence -How reliable is it?

21. Critical Thinking Guidelines 4.Analyze assumptions and biases (Bias- when our assumptions make us look at things unevenly)

22. Critical Thinking Guidelines 5. Avoid emotional Reasoning (Use evidence over your feelings)

23. Critical Thinking Guidelines 6. Don’t Oversimplify/ Generalize

24. Critical Thinking Guidelines 7. Consider other interpretations --Sports psychic 1 thinks he’s absolutely foolproof 32,767 know he’s not

25. Critical Thinking Guidelines 8. Tolerate uncertainty

26. Birth of Modern Psychology 1879 – First psychological laboratory – Leipzig, Germany by Wilhelm Wundt – first person to announce (1873) that he intended to make psychology a science –His research was eventually rejected as too subjective

27. Psychology’s Past Three early psychologies: Structuralism Functionalism Psychoanalysis

28. 1. Structuralism Coined by a student of Wundt, E. B. Titchener Early psychological approach that emphasized the analysis of immediate experience into basic elements. Interested in WHAT happens. Trained introspection: »Volunteers were taught to observe, analyze and describe their own sensations, mental images, and emotional reactions because they thought those feelings reflected the outside world.

29. 2. Functionalism Early psychological approach that emphasized the function or purpose of behavior and consciousness (the HOW and WHY) Functionalists (William James) broadened field of psychology to include the study of children, animals, religious experiences & stream of consciousness. –Wanted to know how specific behaviors and mental processes help a person or animal adapt to the environment

30. 3. Psychoanalysis A theory of personality and a method of psychotherapy, originally formulated by Sigmund Freud. –Emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts that occur during early childhood and were too threatening to remember consciously –Freud argued that conscious awareness is merely the tip of the iceberg – the unconscious mind beneath the tip –Id, Ego, Superego

32. Psychoanalysis continued… Freud concluded that the unconscious mind contained unrevealed wishes, passions, guilty secrets, unspeakable yearnings, and conflicts between desire and duty Many of these urges and thoughts are sexual or aggressive in nature

33. Major Psychological Perspectives Biological Perspective Learning Perspective Cognitive Perspective Sociocultural perspective Psychodynamic Perspective

34. 1. The Biological Perspective Psychological approach emphasizes bodily events and changes associated with actions, feelings and thoughts – how biology affects learning and performance, perceptions of reality, emotion This perspective involves: –Hormones –Brain chemistry –Heredity –Evolutionary influences

35. 2. The Learning Perspective A psychological approach that emphasizes how the environment and experience affect a person’s or animal’s actions This perspective involves Behaviorism Social-cognitive learning theories

36. 3. The Cognitive Perspective A psychological approach that emphasizes mental processes in perception, memory, language, problem solving and other areas of behavior. This perspective involves –Computer models of human thinking –Infant thinking –Intelligence testing.

37. 4. Sociocultural Perspective A psychological approach that emphasizes social and cultural influences on behavior This perspective includes: –Social psychology or the study of rules, roles, groups and relationships. –Cultural psychology or the study of cultural norms, values and expectations.

38. 5. Psychodynamic Perspective This perspective includes: –Unconscious thoughts, desires, conflicts. A psychological approach that emphasizes unconscious dynamics within the individual, such as inner forces, conflicts or the movement of instinctual energy.

39. 2 Influential Movements:

40. Humanist Psychology A psychological approach that emphasizes personal growth and the achievement of human potential, rather than the scientific understanding an assessment of behavior. This approach: –Rejected behaviorism and psychoanalysis. –Emphasized creativity and achieving potential.

41. Feminist Psychology Psychological approach analyzing the influence of social inequities on gender relations and on the behavior of the two sexes. –This approach: Recognized years of male bias in data collection and psychotherapy. Questions the use of research in justifying women’s lower status or elevating women’s status (female bias).

42. What is a psychologist? Academic/Research Psychologists Clinical Psychologists Psychologists in Industry, Law, and other settings

43. What do Psychologists do? Research in areas of applied psychology– use their research. Examples include: –Experimental psychologists –Educational psychologists –Developmental psychologists –Industrial/Organizational psychologists –Psychometric psychologists

44. Psychological Practitioners Counseling psychologists help people deal with problems associated with everyday life. School psychologists work with parents, teachers and students to enhance student performance. Clinical psychologists diagnose, treat, and study mental or emotional problems.

45. Clinical Psychologists are not: Psychotherapists –Anyone who does any type of psychotherapy. Psychoanalysts –Individuals who receive training in psychoanalysis. Psychiatrists –Medical doctors who diagnose and treat mental disorders.

46. Psychologists in Other Settings Sports Consumer Issues Advertising Organizational Problems Environmental Issues Public policy Opinion polls Military training Animal behavior Legal Issues

47. What Areas do Psychology Undergraduates Pursue? Psychology Other Counseling Education Social work Medicine Law Health Sciences Business Sociology