1. Male Reproductive System

2. Reproductive Structures: o Male gonads: testes that are suspended outside the body in the scrotum & penis o Sperm: male gamete that contains half the number of chromosomes (n = 23 in humans) o Epididymis: maturation of sperm cells and storage of mature sperm cells before ejaculation o Vas deferens: tubule that connects the Epididymis to the urethra

6. The Production of Semen: o Sperm and seminal fluid are produced by three reproductive accessory glands: 1.Prostate 2.Seminal vesicles 3.Bulbourethral gland (Cowper’s gland) o Provides protection for the sperm inside the female (acid environment) o Provides energy/nutrients for the sperm to swim to the eggs o Contains prostaglandins which causes the uterus to contract

8. Orgasm in Males: o Erectile tissue expands and fills with blood due to nerve impulses and the release of a hormone (cGMP) o Veins are restricted and do not take blood away from the penis o Males who are impotent have an enzyme that breaks down the cGMP and therefore erectile tissue does not expand/veins are not restricted o Viagra inhibits (stops) the breakdown of cGMP and therefore erectile tissue can expand

10. Female Reproductive System

11. Internal Structures and Terms Female Gonads: ovaries Oogenesis: the production of an egg (once a month) Ovulation: the process by which an egg is released from the ovary and enters the oviduct

12. The Genital Tract Oviduct (fallopian tubes): extend from the ovaries to the uterus and contain cilia Fimbriae: finger-like projections that attach to the ovaries

13. Fertilization (sperm meets egg) occurs in the oviduct and forms a zygote. After several days the new embryo travels to the uterus and attaches to the uterine wall (endometrium)

14. Uterus: –Muscular organ with thick walls (5cm- 30cm) located above the bladder –Lined by the endometrium which supplies nutrients for developing embryo/fetus Cervix: small opening that leads to the vaginal canal

16. Pap Test: removal of cells from the cervix (can detect cancerous cells) Hysterectomy: removal of the uterus and cervix (total hysterectomy) Ovariohysterectomy: removal of ovaries and uterus/cervix

18. External Genitals (vulva) Labia majora: two larger folds of skin Labia minora: two smaller folds of skin Clitoris: homologous to the penis (contains erectile tissue) Vestibule: openings of the urethra and vagina –The vagina may be closed partially by the hymen (ring of tissue)

20. The Ovarian Cycle Hormones cycle on a monthly basis Ovaries contain follicles (containers) that contain an immature egg (oocyte) Females are born with all eggs (300,000/ 400,000), but only 400 mature/ovulate

21. The Ovarian Cycle

23. Two major phases of the ovarian cycle: 1. Follicular phase: First Half - FSH promotes the development of follicles by secreting estrogen - Hypothalamus then secretes GnRH (when estrogen levels are high in the blood) which stimulates LH production and causes ovulation at day 14

26. 2. Luteul Phase: Second Half - LH promotes development of corpus luteum which secretes progesterone (builds up the endometrium/uterine wall) **At the end of the luteul phase, menstruation occurs (shedding of the endometrium lining)

27. The Uterine Cycle 1.Menstration 2.Proliferative phase 3.Secretory phase

28. Menstration (mensus) - Lining of the endometrium breaks down and sheds (a woman’s monthly period) Proliferative phase - Endometrium thickens again - Estrogen concentration increases Secretory phase - Endometrium secretory glands mature - High estrogen and progesterone concentration

29. Pregnancy Hormones When embryo implants, HCG (a hormone) is produced to stop corpus luteum from breaking down Pregnancy tests measure HCG HCG not detectable by home tests until 1 st day of missed period (or up to 4 days prior) When corpus luteum maintained – estrogen and progesterone stay at high levels Placenta develops and takes over hormone production & HCG stops 28

30. 29 From Conception to Birth The Miracle of Life

31. 29 Birth Control Methods

32. Abstinence = 100%

33. - Vas deferens are cut and tied - Still can produce seminal fluid (without sperm) - Can take months for full sterility to be achieved Vasectomy = almost 100%

35. - Oviducts are cut and tied - Immediately effective Tubal Ligation = Almost 100%

36. - Almost 100% IF taken correctly - Anterior pituitary does not produce FSH nor LH - Regulates menstrual cycle - Many hormonal options available Oral Contraception (the pill) = 95-99%

37. - Four shots of progesterone a year - Inhibits FSH and LH hormone  no follicular development Depo-provera = About 98%

38. - Injection of progesterone (anterior pituitary does not produce FSH nor LH) - Implanted under skin for 3-5 years Contraceptive Implants = 99%

39. - Prevents implantation of embryo - Implanted/removed by a doctor – can remain for ~5 years Intrauterine Device (IUD) = 99%

40. - Latex cup is inserted to cover cervix Diaphragm = 80-94%

41. - Latex cap that delivers spermicide near cervix Cervical Cap = 68-91%

42. - Traps sperm and prevents STD/STI Male Condom = 87-98%

43. - Blocks entrance of sperm and prevents STDs Female Condom = 79-95%

44. - “Pull out Method” - They say it is 75%, but that is not an official number Coitus Interruptus

45. - Kills sperm - More efficient when used with another barrier - Can be messy Jellies, Creams & Foams

46. - Scheduling/keeping track of the day of ovulation - Monitoring temperature and/or vaginal fluid texture Natural Family Planning = 88-98%

47. - Vaginal cleansing after intercourse Douche = Under 70%

48. Different types: Medication is taken after unprotected sex to prevent the embryo from implanting in the uterus (85%) Causes the loss of an implanted embryo by blocking the progesterone receptors of endometrial cells (not considered a morning after pill)-RU 486 Some do not prevent embryo implantation but they do kill any sperm that is present preventing fertilization that has not yet taken place (sperm can survive 72 hours) Morning After Pill

49. STIs: Herpes - You can get herpes even if your partner shows no sign of infection. - You may not ever know you have herpes - Symptoms may include sores on your genitals, sometimes periodically recurring - No cure, but treatments available to reduce symptoms and reduce risk of transmission - Herpes can be orally in the form of “cold sores” - Can spread orally to genitally

50. STIs: Gonorrhoea - STI caused by a bacterium - Spread by vaginal, oral or anal sex (even if no ejaculation) - Symptoms for males include burning while urinating, white/yellow/or green discharge from penis, swollen testicles - Symptoms for females can be mistaken for a bladder infection - burning while urinating, increased vaginal discharge, vaginal bleeding - Can cause damage to reproductive organs

51. STIs: Chlamydia - STI caused by bacterium - Can cause irreversible damage to reproductive organs - Many infected people have no symptoms, or they occur 1-3 weeks after infection - Symptoms include discharge, itching, bleeding - Can cause other infections in reproductive tract or infertility - Can lead to premature delivery in pregnant women

52. STIs: Syphilis - STI caused by bacterium - Many infected people do not have symptoms for years - sores occur on the genitals - Starts as a sore, turns into a rash and mucous lesions - If left untreated, can cause damage to other organs --> paralysis, numbness, blindness...

53. STIs: HPV - Human papillomavirus is the most common STI, more than 40 HPV types - Can cause warts in the genitals or the throat, can cause [cervical] cancer - There are vaccines! - Cervarix & Gardasil - Gardasil protects males and females from cancers

54. Intercourse can lead to pregnancy Intercourse can lead to STDs/STIs If you are sexually active, be aware of the consequences for the decisions you are making.