1. Antebellum Reform Movements Chapter 15

2. Objective #1 Describe the changes in American religion and their effects on culture and social reform.

3. Objective #2 Explain the origins of American feminism, describe its essential principles, and summarize its early successes and failures.

4. Objective #3 Describe the utopian and communitarian experiments of the period.

5. The Second Great Awakening The Second Great Awakening “ Spiritual Reform From Within ” [Religious Revivalism] Social Reforms & Redefining the Ideal of Equality Temperance Asylum & Penal Reform Education Women ’ s Rights Abolitionism

6. In France, I had almost always seen the spirit of religion and the spirit of freedom pursuing courses diametrically opposed to each other; but in America, I found that they were intimately united, and that they reigned in common over the same country… Religion was the foremost of the political institutions of the United States. --Alexis de Toqueville e, 1832 The Rise of Popular Religion R1-1

7. Changing Role of Religion 3/4 of Americans attended church regularly in 1850 Calvinism declining More liberal religious beliefs –Deism –Unitarianism

8. Second Great Awakening Reaction to the liberalization of religion Began in southern frontier and then moved North –Areas of major social and economic changes –Mills, canals, rapid growth 1790s-1830s

9. “The Benevolent Empire”: 1825 - 1846

10. The ranges of tents, the fires, reflecting light…; the candles and lamps illuminating the encampment; hundreds moving to and fro…;the preaching, praying, singing, and shouting,… like the sound of many waters, was enough to swallow up all the powers of contemplation. Charles G. Finney (1792 – 1895) “ soul-shaking ” conversion R1-2

11. Second Great Awakening Revival Meeting

12. Characteristics of Revival Very attractive to people on the frontier –Entertaining –Got people away from home –Thousands would attend Women also could attend and participate

13. The “Burned-Over” District in Upstate New York

14. Second Great Awakening Characteristics Emotionalism Patriotism Promoted female spiritual worth Fragmentation of religious denominations Spoke to the middle to working classes

15. Transcendentalism eLiberation from understanding and the cultivation of reasoning. eRejected ideas of John Locke that knowledge comes from the senses  Truth “ transcends ” the limits of intellect and allows the emotions, the SOUL, to create an original relationship with the universe.

16. Transcendentalist Thinking  Every person has an inner light that puts them in direct touch with God.  Man is divine.  Individuality over social group conformity in secular and religious matters.  Stress on self-reliance and self-discipline.  They instinctively rejected all secular authority and the authority of organized churches and the Scriptures, of law, or of conventions

17. Transcendentalism  Therefore, if man is divine, it would be wicked that he should be held in slavery, or his soul corrupted by superstition, or his mind clouded by ignorance.  Thus, the role of the reformer was to restore man to that divinity which God had endowed them.

18. Transcendentalist Intellectuals/Writers Concord, MA Ralph Waldo Emerson Henry David Thoreau Nature (1832) Walden (1854) Resistance to Civil Disobedience (1849) Self-Reliance (1841) “ The American Scholar ” (1837) R3-1/3/4/5

19. The Transcendentalist Agenda  Give freedom to the slave.  Give well-being to the poor and the miserable.  Give learning to the ignorant.  Give health to the sick.  Give peace and justice to society.

20. Utopian Societies Try to make the perfect society Many started in the Burned Over District

21. Utopian Communities

22. The Oneida Community New York, 1848 John Humphrey Noyes (1811-1886)  Millenarianism --> the 2 nd coming of Christ had already occurred.  Humans were no longer obliged to follow the moral rules of the past. all residents married to each other. carefully regulated “ free love. ”

23. Mother Ann Lee (1736-1784) eIf you will take up your crosses against the works of generations, and follow Christ in the regeneration, God will cleanse you from all unrighteousness. eRemember the cries of those who are in need and trouble, that when you are in trouble, God may hear your cries. eIf you improve in one talent, God will give you more. The Shakers R1-4

24. Shaker Beliefs Devote one’s life to labor Absolute chastity –Second coming of Christ was near –No need to procreate Bodies would shake when worshipping God is male and female

25. Shaker Meeting

26. Shaker Simplicity & Utility

27. Millerites William Miller tried to mathematically predict the second coming of Christ Became Seventh Day Adventists

28. The Mormons (The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints) Joseph Smith (1805-1844)  1823  Golden Tablets  1830  Book of Mormon  1844  Murdered in Carthage, IL

29. Violence Against Mormons

30. The Mormon “Trek” Active missionary work Support for Indians. Voted as a block

31. The Mormons (The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints)  Desert community.  Salt Lake City, Utah (1847)  Populaton swelled as immigrants came from Europe Brigham Young (1801-1877 )

32. Robert Owen (1771-1858) Utopian Socialist New Harmony, IN

33. Original Plans for New Harmony, IN New Harmony in 1832

34. New Harmony, IN

35. Brook Farm A center of transcendentalism George Ripley (1802- 1880)

36. Antebellum Reform Movements Influenced by Second Great Awakening Battle earthly evils

37. Annual Consumption of Alcohol

38. Temperance Movement Protest corrosive effects of alcohol Early reformers stressed moderation, not elimination Many of the reformers were women –Will use this experience to go after other reforms and political experience

39. “The Drunkard’s Progress” From the first glass to the grave, 1846

40. Temperance Movement Frances Willard The Beecher Family 1826 - American Temperance Society “ Demon Rum ” ! R1-6

41. American Temperance Society Founded in 1826 and believed in total abstinence. Influenced by Finney revivals Reformers usually had 2 strategies –Moral: help people resist alcohol –Political: eliminate through legislation.

42. Political Victories State level success –Maine went dry in 1851 –16 dry states by Civil War –Many laws declared unconstitutional, repealed or openly disobeyed

43. Penitentiary Reform Dorothea Dix (1802-1887) 1821  first penitentiary founded in Auburn, NY R1-5/7

44. Dorothea Dix Asylum - 1849

45. Working Class Formation of trade unions Advocation of free, tax-supported schools National Trades Union founded in 1834 1834-36: 168 strikes Panic of 1837 hurt union movement

46. Educational Reform 1840: 50% of whites were literate 1840: 38% of white children were in public school

47. Opposition to Public Schools Rich often sent kids to private schools Many realized that ignorant citizens could become dangerous--armed with the vote.

48. Educational Reform Religious Training  Secular Education  MA  always on the forefront of public educational reform * 1 st state to establish tax support for local public schools. e Compulsory education laws by 1836  By 1860 every state offered free public education to whites. * US had one of the highest literacy rates.

49. “ Father of American Education ” Horace Mann (1796- 1859)  children were clay in the hands of teachers and school officials  children should be “ molded ” into a state of perfection  discouraged corporal punishment  established state teacher- training programs R3-6

50. More on Education Manufacturers encouraged education for increased productivity and discipline Blacks in South forbidden to receive an education First state-supported universities –North Carolina in 1795 –Virginia in 1819

51. The McGuffey Eclectic Readers  Used religious parables to teach “ American values. ”  Teach middle class morality and respect for order.  Teach “ 3 Rs ” + “ Protestant ethic ” (frugality, hard work, sobriety) R3-8

52. “Separate Spheres” Concept “ Cult of Domesticity ”  A woman ’ s “ sphere ” was in the home (it was a refuge from the cruel world outside).  Her role was to “ civilize ” her husband and family. e An 1830s MA minister: The power of woman is her dependence. A woman who gives up that dependence on man to become a reformer yields the power God has given her for her protection, and her character becomes unnatural!

53. Early 19c Women 1.Unable to vote or hold public office. 2.Legal status of a minor. 3.Single  could own her own property. 4.Married  no control over her property or her children. 5.Could not initiate divorce. 6.Couldn ’ t make wills, sign a contract, or bring suit in court without her husband ’ s permission.

54. What It Would Be Like If Ladies Had Their Own Way! R2-8

55. Cult of Domesticity = Slavery The 2 nd Great Awakening inspired women to improve society. Angelina GrimkéSarah Grimké e Southern Abolitionists Lucy Stone eAmerican Women’s Suffrage Assoc. eedited Woman’s Journal R2-9

56. Women Educators e Troy, NY Female Seminary e curriculum: math, physics, history, geography. e train female teachers Emma Willard (1787-1870) Mary Lyon (1797-1849) e 1837  she established Mt. Holyoke [So. Hadley, MA] as the first college for women.

57. Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell

58. Women’s Rights 1848  Convention in Seneca Falls New York Lucretia Mott Elizabeth Cady Stanton 1848  Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments R2-6/7

59. Declaration of Sentiment All men and women created equal Equal opportunity Equal before the law Suffrage Birth of women’s rights movement

60. Seneca Falls Declaration