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LEARNING Prof.Elham Aljammas 12/11/2013. Objectives 1-Define learning 2-Examine learning theories that are currently important. 3-How would you implement.

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Presentation on theme: "LEARNING Prof.Elham Aljammas 12/11/2013. Objectives 1-Define learning 2-Examine learning theories that are currently important. 3-How would you implement."— Presentation transcript:

1 LEARNING Prof.Elham Aljammas 12/11/2013

2 Objectives 1-Define learning 2-Examine learning theories that are currently important. 3-How would you implement it in practice

3 Relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of prior experience

4 there are 6 main theories Behaviorism Confined to observable and measurable behavior Classical Conditioning - Pavlov Operant Conditioning - Skinner Cognitivism Social Learning Theory Social ConstructivisM Multiple Intelligences Brain-Based Learning

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10 A.clssical conditioning : Ivan PAVLOVs Experiment(Russian psychologist) Pavlov studied the autonomic reflexes associated with digestion,Pavlov noticed that noticed that a dog salivated not just when the food was placed in its, mouth but also to the mere sight of food. Is the formation of association between a conditioned stimulus & response through a repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus in a controlled relationship with an unconditioned stimulus that originally elicit the response.

11 Pavlov taught the dog to salivate to various signals such as light tone,there by prove the stimulus response association Before conditioning CS(light)-------------------------------------------  No response U.S(Food)------------------------------------------  UR(salivation) During conditioning US (food)------------------------------ -.>UR(salivation) several trials (few seconds) After conditioning: CS(Light)--------------------------------  CR (salivation)

12 Law of classical conditioning: 1.Acquisition: Each paired presentation CS&US =Trial Period of learning=stage (vary) Exp. Indicate that learning is fastest if the CS is presented about0.5 sec. before US. 2. The procedure for pairing the CS &US is called REINFORCEMENT 3.Extinction: Repetition of the CS without reinforcement called extinction

13 4.Generalization: Account for our ability to react to novel situation in so far as they are similar to familiar ones 5, Discrimination: where as generalization is a Reaction to similarities, Discriminations the reaction to differences (Child using term Daddy for all men),child learn to discriminate cats, sounds from Dogs sounds

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16 B. Operant conditioning: Operant behavior =operate (SKINNER) The reinforced behavior bears no resemblances the behavior normally elicited by the reinforcing stimulus e.g Ringing the bell = raising the bell Light on pupil=constriction In operant conditioning the animal is active. Skinners exp.is placing the rat in a box with a bar,if pressed,food will be delivered,the more it press the more food will be delivered & vise versa.Extinction happen if no food is available.

17 REINFORCEMENT: Any event whose occurrence increases the probability that a stimulus will on a subsequent occasions evoke a response. Eg Positive (food, Negative (shock). It is most important to reward or punish the organism immediately after it responds. The reinforcement effect of stimulation in certain areas of the brain(primarily in the hypothalamus ) are powerful.

18 SHAPING of behavior : Reinforces the only response that meet the experimenters specifications & Extinguishing all other e.g.(enuresis,shy, with drawn, stealing& all other conduct disorders

19 C.Multiple response learning: e.g. Memorizing poem, athletic training, mirror drawing test …etc. Learning that result from acquired pattern or sequence of behavior which involve more than one identifiable act with the order of events usually fixed by the demand of the situation.

20 Cognitive Learning Theory Meaningful Verbal Learning

21 ANY BODY CAN LEARN ANYTHING AT ANY AGE POVIDED IT IS STATED IN TERMS THEY CAN UNDERSTAND ANY BODY CAN LEARN ANYTHING AT ANY AGE POVIDED IT IS STATED IN TERMS THEY CAN UNDERSTAND Cognitive Learning Theory

22 Cognitive theory Grew in response to Behaviorism Knowledge is stored cognitively as symbols Learning is the process of connecting symbols in a meaningful & memorable way Studies focused on the mental processes that facilitate symbol connection

23 D.Cognitive learning: The learner form a cognitive structure in memory which preserve & organizes information about the various events that occur in the learning situation e.g insight experiment of Kohler on chimpanzee ( sultan ) ( Fruit, Sign learning What lead to do what Acquired expectation that one stimulus will be followed by other in a particular context. It is classified as learning with understanding other than with conditioning e.g Chimpanzee,( boxes,Fruit hanged from the roof).

24 Social Learning Theory 1. How much power the model seems to have 2. How capable the model seems to be 3. How nurturing (caring) the model seems to be 4. How similar the learner perceives self and model 5. How many models the learner observes 1. Children want to be like the model 2. Children believe they are like the model 3. Children experience emotions like those the model is feeling. 4. Children act like the model.

25 Social Constructivism Learning is… A search for meaning by the learner Contextualized An inherently social activity Dialogic and recursive The responsibility of the Experiential activities Journaling Personal focus Learner Collaborative & cooperative learning

26 Multiple intelligences All people are born with 8 intelligences Verbal linguistic Musical interpersonal Intrapersonal Kinesthetic Logical mathmatical Visual spatial naturalist

27 Brain-Based Learning (BBL) Opportunities for group learning Regular environmental changes A multi-sensory environment Opportunities for self- expression and making personal connections to content Community-based learning

28 Humanists All students are intrinsically motivated to self actualize or learn Learning is dependent upon meeting a hierarchy of needs (physiological, psychological and intellectual) Learning should be reinforced

29 Which psychologist is famous for his pioneering workin classical conditioning? A: B.F. Skinner B: Sigmund Freud C: John B. Watson D: Ivan Pavlov E: Robert Rescorla

30 What is the name for the operant conditioning technique in which complicated behaviors are taught by sequential reinforcement? A: instructing B: shaping C: leading E: modeling D: scaffolding

31 Thank you

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