1. In the 20 th Century Book Sections 14.3, 17.2, and 19.5

2. Section 3 Imperial China Collapses After the fall of the Qing dynasty, nationalist and Communist movements struggle for power. NEXT

3. Nationalists Overthrow Qing Dynasty A New Power Kuomintang—Nationalist Party of China—calls for modernization Sun Yixian—first great leader of Nationalist Party In 1911, Nationalists overthrow Qing dynasty SECTION 3 Imperial China Collapses Shaky Start for the New Republic In 1912, Sun takes control as president Backs three principles: nationalism, democracy, economic security No national agreement on rule; civil war breaks out in 1916 Continued...

4. NEXT World War I Spells More Problems China enters war against Germany hoping to gain land held by Germans Treaty of Versailles gives German colonies in China to Japan On May 4, 1919, angry students protest this agreement May Fourth Movement—nationalist movementthat spreads across China Many young nationalists turn against Sun Yixian (the current leader of the Nationalists) SECTION 3 continued Nationalists Overthrow Qing Dynasty

5. NEXT The Communist Party in China Rise of a New Leader Mao Zedong—helps form Chinese Communist Party in 1921 Lenin Befriends China In 1923, Lenin helps Nationalists, who agree to work with Communists SECTION 3 Image Peasants Align with the Communists Jiang Jieshi—Nationalist leader after Sun dies—opposes communism Peasants see no gain for them in Jiang’s plans, they back Communists Continued...

6. NEXT SECTION 3 Nationalists and Communists Clash In 1927, Nationalists kill Communists, unionists in Shanghai In 1928, Jiang becomes president; Communists resist his rule continued The Communist Party in China

7. NEXT Civil War Rages in China Hostility Becomes War By 1930, civil war rages; Mao recruits a peasant, guerrilla army SECTION 3 The Long March In 1933, Jiang’s huge army surrounds outnumbered Communists Long March—Communists’ 6,000-mile journey to safety in north Of 100,000 Communists, 7,000 or 8,000 survive the march Civil War Suspended Seeing chaos in China, Japan launches all-out invasion in 1937 Nationalists and Communists join together to fight Japan Map

8. NEXT After World War II, Chinese Communists defeat Nationalist forces and two separate Chinas emerge. Section 2 Communists Take Power in China

9. NEXT Communists vs. Nationalists Communists Take Power in China World War II in China Mao Zedong—leads Chinese Communists against Japanese invaders Jiang Jieshi—leader of Chinese Nationalists in World War II Nationalist and Communist Chinese resume civil war after WWII ends SECTION 2 Civil War Resumes Economic problems cause Nationalist soldiers to desert to Communists Mao’s troops take control of China’s major cities In 1949, People’s Republic of China created; Nationalists to Taiwan

10. NEXT The Two Chinas Affect the Cold War The Superpowers React U.S. supports Nationalist state in Taiwan, called Republic of China Soviets and China agree to help each other in event of attack U.S. tries to stop Soviet expansion and spread of communism in Asia SECTION 2 China Expands under the Communists China takes control of Tibet and southern Mongolia India welcomes Tibetan refugees fleeing revolt against Chinese China, India clash over border; fighting stops but tensions remain

11. NEXT The Communists Transform China Communists Claim a New “Mandate of Heaven” Chinese Communists organize national government and Communist Party SECTION 2 Mao’s Brand of Marxist Socialism Mao takes property from landowners and divides it among peasants Government seizes private companies and plans production increase “The Great Leap Forward” Communes—large collective farms often supporting over 25,000 people Program is ended after inefficiency leads to crop failures and famines Continued...

12. NEXT New Policies and Mao’s Response China, Soviet Union clash over leadership of Communist movement Strict socialist ideas are moderated, Mao reduces his role in government Red Guards—militia units formed to enforce strict communism in China continued The Communists Transform China The Cultural Revolution Cultural Revolution—movement to build society of peasants, workers Red Guards close schools and execute or imprison many intellectuals In 1968, Chinese army imprisons, executes, or exiles most Red Guards SECTION 2

13. NEXT Section 5 China: Reform and Reaction In response to contact with the West, China’s government has experimented with capitalism but has rejected calls for democracy.

14. NEXT China: Reform and Reaction Problems of Mao’s Rule Mao Zedong wants to improve China’s economy, but cannot Mao’s policies, a lack of modern technology prevent economic growth He launches Cultural Revolution in 1960s to revive Communist spirit Its excesses turn many people against communism Zhou Enlai—leader in early 1970s—pursues moderate policies The Legacy of Mao SECTION 5 Chart

15. NEXT China and the West China Opened Its Doors Zhou worries that China is too isolated from rest of world In 1971, U.S. and China begin closer relations SECTION 5 Economic Reform In 1976, Mao and Zhou die; moderates take control of Communist Party Deng Xiaoping—becomes leader of China by 1980 Four Modernizations—Deng’s plan for economic progress This policy reverses strict Communist policies long backed by Mao

16. NEXT Massacre in Tiananmen Square Unforeseen Problems Reforms lead to some unrest over privileges of Communist leaders Western political ideas enter China, encouraging democracy SECTION 5 Students Demand Democracy In 1989, students protest in Tiananmen Square—public area in Beijing Deng Orders a Crackdown Deng orders army to surround square, attack protesters Attack leaves hundreds dead, thousands wounded Government begins large-scale campaign to end dissent Image

17. NEXT China Enters the New Millennium China Under Jiang In 1997, Deng dies; Jiang Zemin takes power Hardliners want Jiang to move away from Deng’s reforms In 2002, Jiang steps down in favor of Zhu Rongji Both Jiang and Zhu favor continued reforms SECTION 5 Transfer of Hong Kong Hong Kong—former British colony, city in China, major economic power In 1997, Britain hands Hong Kong back to China

18. NEXT China Beyond 2000 Economics and Politics Economic reforms reduce poverty in China Though many countries have economic problems, China’s economy grows Many in China want political reforms China is becoming more involved with other countries SECTION 5