1. Human Development The Process of Change that Occurs from Infancy to Death Examines how and why people change and how they remain the same over time Research designs: Longitudinal Cross-Sectional Cohort-Sequential

2. Stages of Development…. Prenatal Infancy Childhood Adolescence Adulthood Old Age

3. Guiding Principles…. Nature and Nurture (each influence different stages) Development is in stages Growth rates vary person to person Readiness =The child must have mastered the previous stage Critical periods

4. What happens if we hurry a child through a developmental sequence?

5. Infant Development: Birth-Age 2 o Time of rapid brain growth

6. Depth Perception? (by 7 months, more fear than interest)

7. Adaptive (survival) Reflexes.. Cough Grasping reflex Rooting reflex Sucking reflex Moro reflex

8. Physical Development: Ages & Stages (sometimes called developmental milestones)

9. Emotional Development: Even basic emotions take time to develop… Excitement Distress Delight Anger Disgust Fear

10. Does Imprinting occur in human beings? Attachment= Strong emotional bonds

11. Harry Harlow: “The Nature of Love”

12. Harlow’s experiment in stages Experiment on intelligence evolves The Iron Maiden Harlow’s theory of love= Contact Comfort Harlow becomes President of the APA

13. Less than one year later…. Monkeys not thriving! Unable to mate Violently antisocial Display autistic- like features (rocking, head- banging, biting themselves) Extreme self mutilation

14. Harlow identified three components to attachment: What do you think they are? Touch-Motion-Play

15. What about infant attachment? The Strange Situation o Secure Attachment/60-66% =mother is sensitive to infant, consistent, responsive o Resistant Attachment/ 10- 15%=separation upsets child; remains upset after return o Avoidant Attachment/20% = child ignores mother- attaches to strangers same as parent o Disorganized Attachment/5- 10%= child is confused. They react in contradictory ways (seek mom but don’t look at her) Mary Ainsworth Cultures vary in what they consider appropriate responses to separation

16. Is there a critical period for attachment? What do you think?

17. How Important is Parenting?

18. Traits of Greatest Importance to Parents…. Frankness/honesty in dealing with others Desire to make a name for one’s self Concentration Social mindedness (concern for others) Strict obedience to authority Appreciation of art, music, and literature Economy in money matters Loyalty to the church Knowledge of sexual hygiene Tolerance of others Curiosity Patriotism Good manners Independence Academic achievement Willingness to work hard

19. Across generations…. 1929 1978 1989 1997 Frankness/honesty 27 26 56 38 Desire to make a name 5 1 3 4 Social Mindedness 9 7 0 0 Strict obedience 13 26 48 30 Appreciation art/music 0 5 12 8 Economy in money 25 17 11 30 Loyalty to the church 50 22 12 11 Knowledge of sexual hygiene 15 8 3 4 Tolerance of others 6 47 15 11 Curiosity 1 10 17 4 Patriotism 21 4 5 4 Good manners 30 23 8 30 Independence 25 76 40 34 Academic achievement 19 6 17 30 Willingness to work hard - - 45 64

20. Parenting Beyond Attachment Types of Parents Authoritarian: Enforce strict rules- demand obedience Permissive: Little guidance, no limits, much freedom Authoritative: firm/consistent, love & logic with responsibility Diana Baumrind

21. Carl Rogers: Parents give 2 kinds of support… Conditional Positive Regard= Parents show love only when child behaves in certain ways. Unconditional Positive Regard= Parents show love – no matter “who” the child is, or how they behave. What kind of support did you receive?

22. What is optimal? Positive-Strict-Warm o Better self-esteem o Strong morals/values o Responsible o Resilient in times of stress Negative-Permissive-Cold o Look to escape punishment o Lower self-esteem

23. Goodness of fit……