1. 生物及解剖學科 陳 瀅 18749 ychen0523@ndmctsgh.edu.tw
Cerebral cortex
生物及解剖學科
陳 瀅 18749

2. Study Goals The topography of cerebral hemisphere
White matter of the cerebral hemisphere
Histology of cerebral cortex
Functional localization of cerebral cortex

3. Cerebral hemispheres

4. Cerebral hemispheres opercular part triangular part orbital part
Left (A+B) = Broca’s
Area – motor speech area
inferior parietal lobe : supramarginal + angular gyrus – receptive language area
occipital lobe : vision

5. Cerebral hemispheres Taste and smell extend into insula
nociceptive and
viscerosensory
lentiform nucleus
Autonomic nervous system

6. Cerebral hemispheres

7. Cerebral hemispheres Parolfactory area =subcallosal gyrus
(part of septal area)

8. Limbic lobe – subcallosal、cingulate、 parahippocampal、uncus
(A) uncus

9. Anterior perforated substance

10. White Matter Association fibers Commissure fibers corpus callosum
Projection fiber
internal capsule

11. Histology of the cerebral cortex
Efferent neuron : red
Excitatory : Pyramidal cell, stellate cell (4th layer)
A:axon

12. Histology of the cerebral cortex

13. Histology of the cerebral cortex
Sensory cortex
4th thick
Motor cortex
5th thick
less than 6 layers

14. Histology of the cerebral cortex
Primary visual cortex
calcarine sulcus
outer line of Baillarger
also called striate area

15. Functional localization of cerebral cortex
1861, Paul Broca – speech area (Broca’s area) in inferior frontal gyrus
1864, Hughlings Jackson – motor area in precentral gyrus
1870, Gudden – eye removal that found occipital lobes
1873, Ferrier – ear  temporal lobes
1916, Dusser de Barenne – sensory  postcentral gyrus
1909, Brodmann’s numbered map  52 areas
 200 areas

16. Functional localization of cerebral cortex – general somatic sensation3 1

17. Functional localization of cerebral cortex – general somatic sensation

18. Functional localization of cerebral cortex – general somatic sensation

19. Functional localization of cerebral cortex – general somatic sensation
sensory
 spinothalamic and trigeminaothalamic tracts
 medial lemniscus
 ventral posterior nucleus of thalamus
 thalamocortical fibers
 posterior limb of the internal capsule
 corona radiata
 primary somesthetic area (postcentral gyrus)

20. Functional localization of cerebral cortex – general somatic sensation
2nd somesthetic area
 spinothalamic, trigeminaothalamic tracts, and
reticular formation
 intralaminar and posterior nuclei of thalamus
 involved in the less discriminative aspects of
sensation

21. Functional localization of cerebral cortex – general somatic sensation
somesethetic association cortex
superior parietal lobe
Brodmann’s area 5 and 7
from 1st somesthetic area
lateral posterior nucleus and pulvinar

22. Functional localization of cerebral cortex – vision
Visual associate cortex

23. Functional localization of cerebral cortex – vision
striate
area
Visual associate cortex (18 and 19)

24. Functional localization of cerebral cortex – vision
1st visual cortex
Brodmann’s area 17
lateral half of the ipsilateral retina and medial half of the contralateral retina
 lateral geniculate body
 occipital lobe
left half of the field  the right hemisphere

25. Functional localization of cerebral cortex – vision
Corticotectal fibers
connect visual and association cortex with the superior colliculus of the midbrain, which controls the CN 3, 4, and 6 (frontal eye field)
for fixation of gaze and for tracking of a moving object

26. Functional localization of cerebral cortex – hearing

27. Functional localization of cerebral cortex – hearing

28. Functional localization of cerebral cortex – hearing
spiral organ  medial geniculate body
mainly from the opposite
low frequencies  anterolateral part
high frequencies  posteromedial part

29. Functional localization of cerebral cortex – taste
inferior end of the postcentral gyrus  insula and anteriorly to the frontal operculum
taste bud  gustatory nucleus in the brain stem  central tegmental tract (ipsilateral)  medial division of ventral posterior nucleus

30. Functional localization of cerebral cortex – olfaction
olfactory tract end
most in the limen insula and the uncus
some in the entorhinal cortex
integration of the taste and olfaction

31. Functional localization of cerebral cortex – vestibular
vestibular nuclei  crossed and travel near the medial lemniscus  medial division of ventral posterior nucleus

32. Functional localization of cerebral cortex – primary motor area
source
other motor areas
somesthetic cortex
posterior division of the ventral lateral thalamic nucleus
(from cerebellum)
efferent fiber
pyramidal system
30%  area 4
30%  area 6
40%  parietal lobe
Aproxia

33. Functional localization of cerebral cortex – supplementary and cingulate motor areas

34. Functional localization of cerebral cortex – prefrontal cortex
Brodmann’s areas 9-12
connection with
the parietal lobe
the temporal lobe
the occipital lobe
also connect with
the amygdaloid body in the temporal lobe
the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus
prefrontal lobotomy
Egas Moniz in 1935
Nobel Prize in 1949

35. Functional localization of cerebral cortex – language areas
(44, 45)
(22)

36. Functional localization of cerebral cortex – language areas
LEFT
Area 44 (pars opercularis & pars triangularis)  Broca aphasia
with impaired right motor function
Wernicke aphasia (receptive aphysia)
Wernicke area : supramarginal (area 40) +
angular (area 39)
clinical Wernicke area : area 22 + some area 21

37. Vasculature of the cerebral cortex

38. Vasculature of the cerebral cortex

39.  lack of knowledge
 ignore the left side
color
face
medial occipitotemporal gyrus
sounds
voices and music

40.  no motivation
 unable to coordinate
 unable to write

41.  two areas both injury (ICA or MCA)
 can repeat words
 unable to read and write
 two areas both injury (ICA or MCA)
 can’t repeat words

42. 近年國考考題 下列何者阻塞時，最可能造成右側肢體無力及運動型失語症（Broca’s aphasia）？
前大腦動脈 ■中大腦動脈 後大腦動脈 
椎動脈
感覺型失語症（receptive aphasia, sensory aphasia）其病灶部位最可能在：
左側Broca area 
左側耳蝸神經核（cochlear nucleus）
■左側Wernicke area 左側arcuate fasciculus

43. Reference
Haines DE: Fundamental Neuroscience for Basic and Clinical Applications, 4th edition, 2008.
Kierma JA: Barr's the Human Nervous System, 8th edition, 2010.