1. Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Unit II Common Diseases and Disorders of Body Systems

2. Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Chapter 5 Immune System Diseases and Disorders

3. Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Anatomy and Physiology Organs: – Thymus gland – Bone marrow – Lymph nodes – Spleen – Liver – Tonsils

4. Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Anatomy and Physiology Immune Response – Specific Antigen and antibody reaction – Nonspecific Inflammation Phagocytosis Physical barriers (skin & mucous membranes) Chemical barriers (acids & other secretions) First line of defense

5. Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Anatomy and Physiology Types of immunity: – Active natural – Active artificial – Passive natural – Passive artificial

6. Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Common Signs and Symptoms Vary depending on organ involved Related to factors, such as the following: – Immunodeficient Lack of immunity – Autoimmune Immunity against self – Isoimmune Immunity against other humans

7. Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Diagnostic Testing Skin tests Desensitization Blood count Coombs test Antinuclear antibody (ANA) Rheumatoid factor (RF)

8. Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Hypersensitivity Disorders Allergies – E.g., hay fever, asthma – Common reactions: Urticaria Contact dermatitis – Symptoms: Elevated eosinophil count Redness, heat, swelling, and itching Runny nose, coughing, sneezing, wheezing, and nasal congestion

9. Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Hypersensitivity Disorders Hay fever – Reaction to allergen in mucous membranes of nose and upper respiratory tract – Symptoms: Sneezing Watery eyes Runny nose Itching

10. Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Hypersensitivity Disorders Hay fever – Causes of seasonal: Tree pollen Grasses Ragweed pollen Agricultural crops – Causes of nonseasonal: Dust mites Pet dander Food allergies

11. Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Hypersensitivity Disorders Hay fever – Treatment: Removal of allergen Air-conditioned environment – Or move to different climate Antihistamines Allergy desensitization

12. Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Hypersensitivity Disorders Asthma – Also known as bronchial asthma – Symptoms: Extreme shortness of breath Difficulty breathing Wheezing Anxiety Cough

13. Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Hypersensitivity Disorders Asthma – Treatment: Avoidance of causative allergens Desensitization Education Medication – No cure But can be controlled

14. Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Hypersensitivity Disorders Anaphylaxis – Severe allergic response to allergen – Causes: Antibiotics Anesthetics Codeine Insulin Vaccines Foods Pollens Latex

15. Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Hypersensitivity Disorders Anaphylaxis – May be mild to life-threatening – Symptoms: Itching of throat, tongue, and scalp Edema of face and airways leading to difficulty breathing – Treatment: Emergency tracheostomy Epinephrine Corticosteroids Antihistamines

16. Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Hypersensitivity Disorders Food allergies – E.g., chocolate, shellfish – Symptoms: Cramping Diarrhea Vomiting

17. Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Hypersensitivity Disorders Contact dermatitis – Acute or chronic allergic skin reaction Causes: – Cosmetics – Laundry products – Plants – Jewelry – Paint – Drugs

18. Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Autoimmune Disorders Rheumatic fever – Follows group A strep infection – Occurs 1 to 4 weeks after strep infection Sudden or gradual onset

19. Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Autoimmune Disorders Rheumatoid arthritis – Abnormal antibody that attacks or attaches to body’s own cells and tissues – RF antibody in blood indicative of disease – Classic sign: Ulnar deviation – Affects fingers, wrists, elbows, feet, and knees most frequently

20. Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Autoimmune Disorders Rheumatoid arthritis – Symptoms: Fever Malaise Joint pain – Prevention: Accurate diagnosis of strep infections Surgical joint replacement

21. Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Autoimmune Disorders Rheumatoid arthritis – Treatment: Anti-inflammatory medications Analgesics DMARDs Biological medications Exercise and rest routine Short-term corticosteroids

22. Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Autoimmune Disorders Myasthenia gravis – Slow onset – Symptoms: Diplopia Ptosis Dysphagia Dysphonia Difficulty with facial expressions Fatigue

23. Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Autoimmune Disorders Myasthenia gravis – Periods of remission and exacerbation – Treatment: Cholinergic medications Plasma exchange

24. Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Autoimmune Disorders Lupus erythematosus – Two types: Cutaneous – Discoid – Limited to skin Systemic – Diffuse – Affects multiple systems

25. Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Autoimmune Disorders Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) – Chronic with remissions and exacerbations – Symptoms: Butterfly rash Joint pain Fever Weight loss

26. Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Autoimmune Disorders Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) – Symptomatic treatment: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) Antipyretics Analgesics Corticosteroids

27. Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Autoimmune Disorders Scleroderma – Hardening, thickening, and shrinking of connective tissues Including skin – Periods of remission and exacerbation – Symptoms: Joint contractures Raynaud’s phenomenon Thick, leather-like, shiny, taut skin

28. Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Autoimmune Disorders Scleroderma – Treatment: No cure or treatment May use antibiotics, immunosuppressives, and anti- inflammatories May be beneficial to perform muscle stretching and strengthening exercises

29. Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Isoimmune Disorders Blood transfusion reaction Type O is the universal blood donor Type AB is the universal blood recipient Symptoms of transfusion reaction: – Universal : – Chills – Shivering – Fever

30. Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Isoimmune Disorders Erythroblastosis fetalis – Mother’s antibodies attack and destroy antigen on baby’s red blood cells (RBCs) Ultimately causing death – Usually no problem with first baby of Rh-negative mother and Rh-positive baby

31. Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Isoimmune Disorders Erythroblastosis fetalis – Treatment: Transfusion of baby’s blood at birth – RhoGAM Halted this condition Given prophylactically after delivery of first fetus – Condition only affects Rh-positive babies carried by Rh-negative mothers – Also known as hemolytic disease of the newborn

32. Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Organ Rejection Human immune system attacks transplanted tissue More closely matched donor decreases chance of rejection Acute rejection occurs early Chronic rejection occurs over long period

33. Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Immune Deficiency Disorders Inability of immune system to protect individual against disease Congenital, genetic disorder or acquired

34. Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Immune Deficiency Disorders Acquired types may be due to: – Bone marrow suppression from chemotherapy and radiation – Medications given to organ transplant recipients – Immunodeficiency E.g., acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

35. Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Immune Deficiency Disorders AIDS – Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) – Eradicates individual’s lymphocytes – Virus must enter body and bloodstream – Virus is very fragile and easily killed

36. Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Immune Deficiency Disorders AIDS – Transmission of HIV – Many misconceptions – A person cannot get HIV from: Toilet seats Door knobs Furniture Water fountains Social kissing Coughing / sneezing Sharing utnesils Air – food – urine – feces – water

37. Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Immune Deficiency Disorders AIDS primarily spread three ways: – Sexual intercourse – Sharing of hypodermic needles – In utero from infected mother to unborn baby

38. Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Immune Deficiency Disorders HIV Stages – Acute Infection – Clincal Latancy – Early-Stage AIDS – Middle-Stage AIDS – Late-Stage AIDS

39. Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Immune Deficiency Disorders Late-Stage AIDS – T-cell count drops below 200 cells per microliter – Treatment with ART – Prevention – Avoid the HIV virus

40. Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Rare Diseases Severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) – Group of inherited disorders that cause partial or complete dysfunction of immune system

41. Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®. Effects of Aging Degenerated thymus gland Changed function of antibodies