1. Blood Glucose Homeostasis

2. Homeostasis …is a set of feedback mechanisms that keep physiological parameters of organisms within a narrowly defined limit

3. Blood glucose homeostasis Top threshold: 110 mg/dl Bottom threshold: 70mg/dl Hyperglycemia: concentrations above 110 mg/dl Hypoglycemia: concentrations below 70 mg/dl

4. Importance of blood glucose homeostasis Brain uses 25% of blood glucose. It is dependent on stable glucose levels! Hypoglycemia: leads to coma/death Hyperglycemia leads to long term damage of eyes, blood vessel, organs (kidney)

5. Pancreas carries out Blood Glucose Homeostasis two hormones used for regulation 1.Insulin 2.Glucagon

6. Pancreas regulates blood sugar β-cells produce Insulin α-cells produce Glucagon

7. Insulin Lowers blood glucose levels!!! Is released when blood glucose rises above 110 mg/dl Forces liver and muscles to take up glucose from blood stream Forces liver to make glycogen (animal starch) by linking glucose molecule together

8. Glucagon Raises blood glucose Is released when blood glucose falls below 70 mg/dl forces liver break down glycogen into glucose and release it into the blood stream

10. Diabetes Chronic hyperglycemia blood glucose levels above 130 mg/dl Two types of diabetes Diabetes I: no Insulin: death of β-cells from autoimmune disease Diabetes II: 1. Insulin Resistance: muscle, liver do not take up glucose due to chronic insulin overdose 2. Insulin Exhaustion like DBI

13. Cross section of the pancreas Healthy insulin producing cells Dead cells

14. Glycemic Index of Foods Glycemic index is a measure how much certain food spikes Insulin Fatscomplexrefined proteins carbs carbs Lowhigh

15. Getting off the Insulin Rollercoaster Consumption of sweets produces large fluctuations of blood sugar High highs followed by low lows produce sugar cravings/addiction Ins Glu Ins Glu Ins ………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………. cravings cravings

16. Diet with low glycemic foods Fats/proteins: nuts, legumes, some dairy, some meat Produce less steep rises and falls …………………………………………………………..

17. CDC: Diabetes is the Fastest Growing Epidemic in the US 25.8 million people in the United States have diabetes– 8.3% of the population If current trends continue, this rate will have grown to 30% by 2050.

18. Among adults, diabetes is the leading cause of new cases of blindness, kidney failure, and amputations of feet and legs not related to accidents or injury. Diabetes was the seventh leading cause of death listed on U.S. death certificates in 2007. A person with diabetes has a shorter life expectancy and about twice the risk of dying on any given day as a person of similar age without diabetes.

19. Nutritional Recommendation 1.Your diet should consist to 80% of low glycemic foods. 2.Avoid products containing the “Whites” refined sugar and refined, white flour 3.Vegetables and proteins/fat: legumes, some dairy, some meat, oils/fats) should make up the bulk of what you eat 4.If you are healthy fruits are ok, but less than vegetables (know: smoothies = candy: high glycemic, fibers are destroyed or removed)

20. Lifestyle Recommendations Exercise has a huge effect in balancing Insulin Maintain a healthy weight: body fat alone raises insulin levels

21. What about artificial sweeteners? Artificial sweetners have no calories They stimulate the insulin roller coaster!!! They lead to weight gain They lead to inflammatory events stimulating heart disease and possible cancer

22. Diabetes Videos Overview blood glucose animation belly fat diabetes link diabetes rap childhood obesity?