2.  Population  Territory  boundaries  Sovereignty  Supreme and absolute power in its territory  Subordinate to no one  government

3.  The Force Theory  Person, small group of people claimed control over that territory.  Evolutionary Theory  Nomadic to agriculture  The Divine Right Theory  Divine right to rule  Backing of the Pope in Western Europe  Challenged by democracy  The Social Contract Theory (Hobbes, Locke)  The social contract theory argues that the state arose out of a voluntary act of free people.  Gave them a way to protect themselves, gave up some power and freedom  Serve the will of the people

4. Socrates His self-proclaimed “mission” was to expose the ignorance of those who thought themselves wise (government leaders) and to try to convince his fellow-citizens that every man is responsible for his own moral attitudes. Laws can point to a standard, but they are not the standard. Laws prepare the way for respect for the truth. Laws are not identical to the truth. They are an imperfect guide.

5.  Natural Law  human affairs should be governed by certain ethical principles.

6. Thomas Aquinas Natural law and Christianity are compatible because God created the natural law that established individual rights to life and liberty.

7.  The Protestant “Reformation”  The “Protestant faith” promoted the belief that people could talk directly to God without the intervention of a priest. This eventually altered the nature of government as people began to believe they could also have a say in their own governance.

8.  John Locke  Thomas Hobbes

9.  Locke  “To understand political power right, and derive it from its original, we must consider what state all men are naturally in and that is a state of perfect freedom to order their actions, and dispose of their possessions, and persons as they think fit, within the bounds of the law of Nature, without asking leave, or depending upon the will of any other man.”  Hobbes  In earliest history humans lived in unbridled freedom, in a “state of nature,” in which no government existed and no person was subject to any superior power.  That which people could take by force belonged to them.  All people were similarly free in this state of nature; no authority existed to protect one person from the aggressive actions of another.  People gave up rights to government to protect property

10.  According to Locke, what freedoms did people have before the founding of governments?  What are the potential dangers of a person living in what Locke called “perfect freedom”?  According to Locke, how are governments formed?  What trade-offs does Locke say occurs when people live under governments?  What are the two senses of freedom that Locke talks about?

11.  Free from any social bonds  Not dependent on the will of any other people  I can do “X” without asking someone else’s approval to do “X”  Bear in mind, he is saying that this freedom is natural; that we are naturally free from any social constraints or relations

12.  But it’s not just any freedom, rather it’s freedom in accord with “the law of nature”  And that law is: “The state of Nature has a law of Nature to govern it, which obliges every one: and reason, which is that law, teaches all mankind, who will but consult it, that being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions.”

13.  In the state of nature we have freedom, which is life in accordance with the law of nature  Distinction between liberty and license  For Locke, liberty is not the right to do everything, but rather to do everything in accordance with the law of nature

14.  Government is the institution through which a society makes and enforces its public policies  Politics  Process by which society decides how power and resources will be distributed  Who reaps the benefits and who pays the cost

15.   Dictatorships - Power concentrated in the hands of a single person or small group  1. People have little, if any control  2. Some cases, officials are not elected by the people  3. Elections are unfair or manipulated  a.Autocracy - “rule by one” (could be a monarchy)  b. Oligarchy - “rule by few”  4. They are authoritarian because they answer only to themselves  5. In extreme cases they are totalitarian control through force  a. Every aspect of life  b. Burma (Myanmar) today / Nazi Germany / Italy under Mussolini/China/North Korea

16.  In a democracy, supreme political authority rests with the people.  A direct democracy exists where the will of the people is translated into law directly by the people themselves.  In an indirect democracy, a small group of persons, chosen by the people to act as their representatives, expresses the popular will.

17.  Equality in voting-one person one vote  Enlightened Understanding-free speech, press  Citizen control of policy agenda  Inclusion-citizenship must be open  Majority rule, minority rights

18.  Pluralist Theory  Groups compete with one another for contl of policy  Multiple access points  Bargaining and compromise  Electoral majorities rarely rule  Interest group activity  Elite and class theory  Wealth  Big business  Hyperpluralism  Many groups so strong govt. can’t act  groups have to much access to many levels and branches  Politicians try to placate every group-muddled policy

19.  1215 British nobles forced King John to sign the Magna Carta “Great Charter”  a. This established a Rule of Law the all must abide (even the Monarch)  b. This made the King consider the effects of his decisions  c. King must reflect the public good

20.  B. Representative Government  1. Council of Nobles & Religious leaders pre-Magna Carta  a. Advised the Monarch  b. Eventually grew into a representative council  2. Bicameral Legislature (two chamber) - Parliament  a. Nobles - House of Lords (Upper House)  b. Lesser officials & locals - House of Commons (Lower House)  3. As representatives of the people the Parliament tried to limit the power of the Monarch

21.  Justice  Law must be fair, reasonable, impartial  Domestic Tranquility  order  Provide Common Defense  security  Promote General Welfare  Public schools, air, water, food quality  Secure Blessings of Liberty  Patriotism

22.  http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/crs/ rl34299.pdf  the US Gave Haiti about 1.6 billion in the `90s. in a country of 6,000,000 people, that`s $266,000 per person, or $26,600 per year for every man, women and child for 10 years. The average family size is 7, so that would be enough for each family to have recieved $186,200 per year.

23.  Under G. W. Bush the amount was increased from USD 2.36 billion to USD 2.86 billion