2. Aristotle (384-322 BCE) Virtue Ethics An act is good if and only if it says good things about one’s character Usually weighed by “moderation” of virtue. Problems?

3. Hobbes (1588-1679) State of nature is bad Need Monarch to fix it An act is good if and only if it prevents us from reverting to the state of nature. Problems?

4. Locke (1632 -1704) Social Contract, Natural Rights, State of nature is good Life, Liberty, Happiness, Property An act is good if and only if it doesn’t violate the social contract. Problems?

5. Rousseau (1712 -1778) Social Contract, General Will An act is good if and only if it conforms to the general will and doesn’t violate the social contract Problems?

6. Rawls (1921-2002) Veil of Ignorance An act is good if and only if it conforms to the hypothetical rules that would be constructed by all rational, informed rules-seeking beings from behind a veil of ignorance. Problems?

7. Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) Categorical Imperative An act is good if and only if the person doing the act could reasonably will while doing the act that a categorical imperative for the act be made a universal law. Problems?

8. Adam Smith (1723 -1790) The Invisible Hand An act is good if and only if it is good for the market. Problems?

9. David Hume (1711 -1776) We can’t discover ethics through reason alone An act is good if and only if it conforms to our sense perceptions and intuition, as well as reasoning Problems?

10. Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) An act is good if and only if it achieves the highest utility of all available actions. Utility = (Pleasure x People) – (Pain x People) Problems?

11. Richard Joyce 1966- Error Theory Nothing is inherently right or wrong. All other theories presuppose that moral facts exist, but they don’t. Problems?