1. History 102SY The United States and the Middle East 1900 to the Present

2. Afghanistan & the First Palestinian Intifada

3. Fall 1986—Reagan administration’s secret dealings with Iran, and diversion of money to contras, became public knowledge

4. December 1987—Michail Gorbachev and Ronald Reagan signed Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty

5. December 1979—Soviets invaded Afghanistan, where they were bogged down for next decade Afghanistan

6. Afghan Mujahidin

7. 1980s—Reagan administration, using Pakistan as conduit, sent arms and equipment to anti-Soviet Mujahidin

8. Stinger Missiles

9. 1980s—CIA worked with Pakistan and Saudi Arabia to recruit tens of thousands of young Muslim men to engage in jihad against Soviets William Casey

10. 1988

11. Osama bin Laden took part in effort to oust Soviet Union from Afghanistan—was working in parallel with US

12. 1989—Soviet Union pulled out of Afghanistan

13. The Taliban 1992—Pro-Soviet regime in Kabul collapsed; Mujahidin fought among themselves until Taliban took over in 1996

14. Summer 1982—Israeli invasion of Lebanon Arab-Israeli Conflict

15. September 1, 1982—Ronald Reagan issued Middle East peace plan, calling for Israeli withdrawal from West Bank and Gaza, freeze on construction of Jewish settlements, and Palestinian federation with Jordan; some Arab states cautiously welcomed Reagan Plan; Israel and PLO opposed it

16. September 9, 1982—Arab states at summit in Fez, Morocco, issued peace plan, calling for independent Palestinian state in West Bank and Gaza with East Jerusalem as its capital; Israel rejected Fez Plan; U.S. ignored it

17. Following Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 1982, PLO had to relocate to Tunisia, from which it was difficult to influence events in Israel/Palestine

18. Israeli occupation of West Bank and Gaza Strip

19. Late 1987—traffic accident in Gaza sparked spontaneous uprising (Intifada) among Palestinians; quickly spread to West Bank

21. Divided Israeli government Yitzhak Rabin Yitzhak Shamir Shimon Peres

22. Israeli government tried to put down Intifada by force but without using major firepower Yitzhak Rabin

23. 1988—Secretary of State George Shultz tried to resolve crisis without involving PLO; US govt would not recognize PLO until it recognized Israel, accepted Resolution 242, and renounced terrorism

24. The Terrorism Issue Arafat

25. The Terrorism Issue Arafat Begin

26. The Terrorism Issue Arafat Shamir Begin

27. Shultz hoped Jordan could speak for Palestinians, but this possibility died in summer of 1988, when King Hussein renounced Jordan’s claim to West Bank

28. November 1988—Palestine National Council (PNC) met, accepted Resolution 242, and declared independent Palestinian state in West Bank and Gaza (symbolic), implicitly recognizing Israel

29. Arafat at United Nations

30. December 1988— Arafat publicly recognized Israel, accepted 242, and renounced terrorism, prompting Reagan administration to open dialogue with PLO

31. Little came of US-PLO dialogue George H. W. Bush administration kept talks at low level and failed to pressure Israel to ease conditions in occupied territories

32. Little came of US-PLO dialogue Arafat failed to impose discipline over PLO

33. Little came of US-PLO dialogue When Arafat refused to condemn attempted terrorist raid into Israel by PLO splinter group, Bush suspended US-PLO dialogue Abu Abbas