3. PRIMARY SEX ORGAN Testis ACCESSORY SEX ORGANS Epididymis Ductus deference Male urethra Penis ACCESSORY SEX GLAND Seminal vesicle with ejaculatory duct Prostate Bulbourethral gland

5.  Paired, placed in a sac called scrotum  Oval in shape  Surrounded by a serous sac derived from peritonium called tunica vaginalis  Covered by – middle fibrous TUNICA ALBUGINEA (TA)– closely packed collagen + elastic fibres  Internal layer –loose connective tissue rich in blood capillaries called tunica vasculosa

6.  But in the posterior part: TA expands into a mass which projects into the substance of the testis – MEDIASTINUM TESTIS (SMT].  Numerous septa arise from the MT dividing the testis into - LOBULES

8.  Lobule –about 200, each lobule contains one to four SMT.conical in shape, apex directed towards the MT  Lobule contains – highly coiled seminiferous tubules (SMT); helps in production of spermatozoa. Average 600 SMT  The spaces between SMT has- loose connective tissue, blood vessels, lymphatics and INTESTITIAL CELLS OF LEYDIG –modified epithelial cell, secrete male sex hormones.

9.  Highly coiled, when sectioned tubules assume various shapes.  Wall: outer connective tissue  Between outer connective tissue and lumen of the tubules – numerous cells are seen, rest on a basal lamina, various shape and sizes (showing stages of during formation of spermatozoa) – called as GERM CELLS.  Other cells – sustentacular or setroli cells ( supportive in nature)  Outside the basement membrane muscle like or myoid cells are seen – produces peristaltic movement of SMT.

10.  Many layers of cells  Cells show variety in shape, size and nuclei – representing various stages in spermatogenesis.  Lack of well defined margin  Inconspicuous cell boundaries

11.  Near the apex coiled nature of SMT disappear to form – larger straight tubules  These tubule penetrate the fibrous part of SMT to form – RETE TESTIS (RT)  From RT – Efferent ductules arise to enter the head of epididymis.  Leaves the head as a single tube – duct of epididymis to end in the tail of epididymis  And continues as Vas deference

13. SEMINIFEROUS TUBULE RATE TESTIS SEPTUM

15. PRIMARY SPER myoid cells (M) fibroblasts (F) prominent spermatogonia (SG), prominent spermatogonia (SG),. primary spermatocytes (PS), Round spermatids (RS) primary spermatocytes (PS), late spermatids (LS) Sertoli cells (SC)

16.  Supporting cells  lateral cell membranes, possess complex infoldings.  apical cell membranes are also highly folded and project into the lumina  These cells located in the base; with clear oval centrally placed nucleus.  The small deeply staining heads of spermatozoa appears to be embedded in Sertoli’s cytoplasm -Their tails extending into lumen

17.  Lies in the connective tissue that seen between the SMT.  Large polygonal cells, eccentrically placed nucleus; cytoplasm stain light, often foamy (lipid removal during processing), Under EM cytoplasm has yellow granules or vacuoles containing lipids, rod shaped crystalloids and agranular Endoplasmic reticulum Functions: Support, protection, and nutrition of the developing spermatogenic cells.. Exocrine and endocrine secretion. Phagocytosis. During spermiogenesis, excess cytoplasm shed as residual bodies is phagocytosed and digested by Sertoli cell

19. Interstitial cells (IC)

21.  PAIRED  3 parts.  Head – continuation of coiled efferent ductules; lined by ciliated columnar epithelium  Body and tail – is duct of epididymis coiled on itself, lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium.  luminal surface of cells has non-motile projections like cilia called Stereocilia Under EM they appear as microvilli.  Tubules of epididymis has smooth muscle covering along with rich network of capillaries.  Function : The circular muscle contraction leads expulsion of sperm  spermatozoa undergoes maturation

23. To differentiate from testis  Tubules are larger with well defined lumen  Clumps of spermatozoa are seen in the lumen  Cells lining the epithelium are all of one uniform type  Wall of the duct is lined by a smooth muscle

24. PAIRED From outside to inside 1. Connective tissue 2. Muscle layer 3. Mucosal layer Mucosal layer  lumen thrown in to folds giving a stellate appearance  Lined by pseudostrafied columnar or simple columnar epithelium.  Ciliated in the extra abdominal part of the duct  All the cells lie on a lamina propria which has elastic fibres

25. Muscle coat:  3 layers, Very thick, smooth muscle  Inner longitudinal middle circular and outer longitudinal layer

26. mucosa (M), longitudinal smooth muscle (L-SM) circular smooth muscle (C-SM),

27. PAIRED Elongated sac like structure open into ejaculatory duct 3 layers  External or areolar coat; - connective tissue layer  Middle or muscular coat - thinner than in the ductus deferens and arranged in two layers, an outer longitudinal and inner circular  Internal or mucous coat - mucosal folds give rise to honey comb like appearance,pale, whitish brown color, and presents a delicate reticular structure - epithelium is columnar,/pseudostratified columnar and in the diverticula goblet cells are present, the secretion of which increases the bulk of the seminal fluid.

30.  The seminal vesicle produce a viscous, yellow fructose-rich seminal fluid that constitutes 70% of the volume of the semen.  The characteristic pale yellow color of the semen is due to the lipochrome pigment released by the seminal vesicles.

31.  Covered by fibrous capsule inner true and outer false.  False capsule derived from pelvic fascia  The 2 capsules are separated by distinct from that of veins.  true Capsule is firmly adherent to the prostate and is structurally continuous with the stroma of the gland

32. Made up of 300 to 500 compound tubuloalveolar gland Each gland is lined by simple columnar epithelium Size of the gland is highly variable with an irregularity in its luman shape some gland contain solid secretary aggregations which appear as amorphous eosinophilic bodies called amyloid body or corpora amylacea [function unknown]

34. Muscle tissue is the smooth muscle. The spaces between the muscle fibers is occupied by glandular tissue. Contraction of muscle compresses the glands, hence facilitating the secretion. Glands are of tubulo-alveolar type isthmus muscle Prostatic urethra Mucus glands Submucus glands Main glands Fibrous capsule Inner capsule Glands:- 1.Mucus 2.Submucus 3.Main glands

37.  Outer – skin covering  Made of 3 masses of erectile tissue; - 2 placed side by side on the dorsum called corpora cavernosa right and left - one in the midline on the ventral aspect called corpus spongiosum, traversed by urethra  Each Corpus cavernosum is surrounded by thick fibrous sheath which also forms a median septum

39.  Corpus spongiosum has thin fibrous sheath  Common to all the 3 there is another sheath  There will two dorsal arteries in the centre of each corpus caversnosum and other smaller vessels as well

41.  numerous bands or cords are given off, which cross the interior of these corpora cavernosa in all directions, subdividing them into a number of separate compartments, and giving the entire structure a spongy appearance These bands and cords are called trabeculæ,  Consist of white fibrous tissue, elastic fibers, and plain muscular fibers.  In them are contained numerous arteries and nerves. interspaces (cavernous spaces)

43. 1. Overy 2. Oviducts 3. Uterus 4. Cervix 5. Vagina 6. external genitalia

44.  Ovaries are almond-shaped bodies approximately 3 cm long, 1.5 cm wide, and 1 cm thick  Each ovary is covered by a simple cuboidal epithelium, the germinal epithelium, continuous with the mesothelial lining of the peritonium and overlying a layer of dense connective tissue capsule, the tunica albuginea, like that of the testis and responsible for the whitish color of the ovary. Most of the ovary consists of the cortex, a region filled with a highly cellular connective tissue stroma and many ovarian follicles, which in the adult ovary vary greatly in size The most internal part of the ovary is the medulla, which contains loose connective tissue and blood vessels entering the organ through the hilum from mesenteries suspending the ovary There are no sharp limits between the ovarian cortical and medullary regions.

47.  Below the germinal epithelium has - Tunica albugenia; condensed connective tissue, its thin - Deep to TA – stroma of reticular fibres + fusiform cells like mesenchymal cells - Within this stroma – Ovarian follicles showing various stages of development - Each follicle has an ovum.

48.  Has connective tissue with numerous blood vessels  Elastic and smooth muscle fibres are also seen

50. Graffian Follicle  Has a cavity  Surrounded by several layer of cells  One side there is a developing ovum  Cells surrounding the ovum is corona radiata  Follicle is surrounded by a condensation of fibrous tissue forming capsule  The capsule has inner cellular part theca interna and outer fibrous part theca externa  With in the follicle is the ovum

51. Parts of a mature ovum  Large cell with granular cytoplasm  Large vesicular nucleus  Surrounded by a membrane zona pelluicida Follicular cells surround the ovum called the corona radiata Follicular cells connected the ovum to the wall of the follicle called discus prolignerus

53.  Atresia.  Atresia or degeneration of a follicle can occur at any stage of its development

54.  The follicles, after attaining a certain stage of development, gradually approach the surface of the ovary and burst; the ovum and fluid contents of the follicle are liberated on the exterior of the ovary, and carried into the uterine tube by currents set up by the movements of the cilia covering the mucous membrane of the fimbriæ.  Corpus Luteum.—After the discharge of the ovum the lining of the follicle is thrown into folds, and vascular processes grow inward from the surrounding tissue. In this way the space is filled up and the corpus luteum formed. It consists at first of a radial arrangement of yellow cells with blood vessels and lymphatic spaces, and later it merges with the surrounding stroma.

57.  The uterine tubes, or oviducts are two muscular tubes with considerable mobility, each measuring about 12 cm in length. Each has a funnel-shaped end, the infundibulum, opening into the peritoneal cavity next to the ovary and with a fringe of fingerlike extensions called fimbriae (L., fringes).  FOUR PARTS  Infundibulum,  ampulla, the longest and expanded area where fertilization normally occurs,  isthmus, a more narrow region nearer the uterus,  uterine or intramural part, which passes through the wall of the uterus and opens into the interior of this organ.

59. 3 coats:  Serous, Muscular, and Mucous. 1, External serous coat it is the outermost layer consisting of mesothelium of peritonium with few connective tissue components 2, Middle or muscular coat : seen just below the lamina propria and made up of skeletal muscle fibers, continuous with that of uterus - outer longitudinal - inner circular with abundant interstitial connective tissue

60. 3,Innermost or mucous coat : continuous with the mucous lining of the uterus, and, peritonium - thrown into longitudinal branching folds which fill the whole lumen, folds are filled with loose connective tissue forming lamina propria - lining epithelium is columnar resting on basement membrane and ciliated

62.  The peg cells have no cilia. They have secretory function providing nutritive and protective environment for maintaining spermatozoa, on their migration route to reach the secondary oocyte.  The cilia of ciliated cells beat in unison toward the uterus. As a result, the fertilized ovum, spermatozoa and the viscous fluid produced by the peg cells are propelled toward the uterus

63.  In a woman whose uterine tube is blocked by postinflammation scar tissue, the embryo cannot reach the uterus and may implant itself in the oviduct wall (ectopic or tubal pregnancy). In this case, the lamina propria may react like the uterine endometrium and form decidual cells. Because of its small diameter and inability to expand, the tube cannot contain the growing embryo and will rupture, causing extensive hemorrhage that can be fatal if not treated immediately. 

65.  uterus is a pear-shaped organ with thick, muscular walls. Its largest part, the body, is entered by the left and right uterine tubes and the curved, superior area between the tubes is called the fundus. The uterus narrows in the isthmus and ends in a lower cylindrical structure, the cervix, with the lumen in these regions termed the internal os (L. os, mouth) and cervical canal, respectively.  Supported by the set of ligaments and mesenteries also associated with the ovaries and uterine tubes uterine wall has three major layers an outer connective tissue layer, the perimetrium, continuous with the ligaments, which is adventitial in some areas, but largely a serosa covered by mesothelium, a thick tunic of highly vascular smooth muscle, the myometrium a mucosa, the endometrium, lined by simple columnar epithelium.

67. 3 coats - External or serous - Middle or muscular - Internal or mucous Serous coat [ perimetrium] - is derived from the peritoneum - invests the fundus & intestinal surface of uterus; but covers the vesical surface only as far as the junction of the body and cervix. In the lower fourth of the intestinal surface the peritoneum, though covering the uterus, is not closely connected with it, being separated by a layer of loose cellular tissue and some large veins.

68.  forms bulk of the substance of the uterus  Bundles of smooth muscle fibres, elongate in pregnancy, contracts to expel the fetus.  Blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics  3 layered arrangement - external – Longitudinal - middle – runs in various direction - inner – longitudinal and circular

70.  Lining epithelium– columnar type, ciliated in young after the onset of menstruation it disappears  Epithelium rests on stroma, its contents are glands, blood vessels. Glands lined by columnar epithelium  Under changes related menstrual cycle under the influence of oestrogens, progesterone formed by the ovary

71. The epithelium - nonciliated columnar & ciliated cells.  in uterine body – surface epithelium columnar - ciliated before puberty - non-ciliated in adults  The lamina propria has tubular glands that extends as far as the myometrium. There are no ciliated cells in the glands.  thickness – varies according to hormonal state(0.5 – 5 mm)

72.  Divided Structurally into : Stratum Compactum (SC), Stratum Spongiosum(SS), Stratum basale  Divided Functionaly into  - stratum functionalis- SC & SS - a thick superficial layer that is sloughed at menstruation  - stratum basalis ( *) – with the basal part of the glands; a deep narrow layer whose glands & connective tissue elements proliferate and regenerate in each menstrual cycle.It does not undergo menstrual changes and is not shredded  Distinguishing features – branches from arcuate arteries in middle layer of myometrium :  initially straight- basalis  tortuous helical -functionalis SC SS

73.  The mucosa of the endocervix is lined with tall mucous secreting simple columnar epithelium  The lamina propria contains numerous highly branched tubular cervical glands. Although the cervical mucosa changes during menstrual cycle, it does not slough during menstruation.

74.  The lamina propria is still a `cellular’ type of connective tissue as in the body of the uterus but is becoming more fibrous.  The lamina propria consists mostly od dense, collagenous connective tissue containing many elastic fibers and only a few smooth muscle fibers.

75.  In the lower part of the cervix, at the os cervix or opening of the cervical canal into the vaginal canal, the columnar epithelium changes abruptly to the stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium similar to that of vagina.  This continues over the vaginal portion of the cervix, the portio vaginalis and its external wall.which lies in the fornix of the vagina.  At the base of the fornix, the epithelium reflects to continue over the vaginal wall.  The lamina propria and the musculars are well vascularized.

77.  The mucosa - numerous transverse folds.  epithelium is non keratinized stratified sq. epithelium.  lamina propria - excessive elastic fibers no glands.  The muscularis is predominantly of longitudinal and obliquely.  Circular fibers are less numerous

78.  The muscularis is predominantly of longitudinal and obliquely arranged bundles of smooth muscles fibers. Circular fibers are less numerous. Interstitial connective tissue is rich in elastic fibers.  In the adventitia (fibrosa) are numerous veins as well as other blood vessels.

80. 