2. Formation Minerals form in two basic ways: 1.Cooling of hot molten rock Liquid  Solid 2.Evaporating of solutions Ex. Sea salt

3. Mineral growth http://www.wwnorton.com/college/geo/ani mations/mineral_growth.htmhttp://www.wwnorton.com/college/geo/ani mations/mineral_growth.htm

5. What is a mineral?

6. Minerals 4 basic rules for classifying minerals 1.Inorganic 2.Naturally occurring 3.Regular crystal arrangement (solid) 4.Definite Chemical Composition

7. Inorganic Anything that is not or never was alive ever Mostly anything that is not a carbon molecule

8. Naturally occurring solid Anything that is not man made  Must exist in nature, Naturally

9. Regular crystal arrangement MUST be a Solid!! Makes a shape or Pattern Examples- Hexagonal Cubic

10. Definite Chemical composition Chemical formula is always the same never changes

11. So what is a mineral? Gold Coal Diamond Ice cubes Rubber Brass Silver Grass Quartz Chrome Paper Steel Copper Sugar Salt Marble

12. Mineral Gold Naturally occurring solid Inorganic Definite shape Definite chemical composition Au

13. Non-mineral Coal Naturally occurring solid –Organic

14. Mineral Diamond Naturally occurring solid Inorganic Definite shape Definite chemical composition C

15. Non-Mineral Ice Cube -Man made Inorganic Definite chemical composition H 2 0 Outside naturally ?? Mineral (debatable)

16. Non-mineral Rubber –Naturally occurring solid

17. Non-Mineral Brass –Naturally occurring solid

18. Mineral Silver Naturally occurring solid Inorganic Definite shape Definite chemical composition Ag

19. Non-mineral Grass Naturally occurring solid -Inorganic

20. Mineral Quartz Naturally occurring solid Inorganic Definite shape Definite chemical composition SiO 2

21. Non-Mineral Chrome –Naturally occurring solid

22. Non-Mineral Paper Naturally occurring solid –Inorganic

23. Non-Mineral Steel –Natural occurring solid

24. Mineral Copper Naturally occurring solid Inorganic Definite shape Definite chemical composition Cu

25. Non-Mineral Sugar Naturally occurring solid -Inorganic Definite shape Definite chemical composition C 12 H 22 O 11

26. Mineral Salt Naturally occurring solid Inorganic Definite shape Definite chemical composition NaCl

27. Non-Mineral Marble Naturally occurring solid -Inorganic

28. So where do Minerals come from? Atoms –Substance that can not be broken down into simpler substances –Reality 

29. Breaking Down the periodic table elements Every periodic table is the same and different AhhhAHAH! Atomic # –Larger whole number Symbol –Short hand –Not always easy Name –Not always shown Atomic mass –Avg of all atomic masses proton + Neutrons

30. Breaking Down the periodic table elements # of Protons –Positive charge –Same as atomic # –NEVER CHANGES!!! Ever! # of Neutrons –No charge –Changes (Isotope) # of electrons –Negative charge –In shells add all of them –If equal P no charge if different ION MUST DO Math Atomic mass- Protons 107.87-47= 60 neutrons Remember its an average so take smallest #

31. Match name with symbol –mineral forming elements –O–O –Ca –Si –Na –Al –K–K –Fe –Mg

32. Bell ringer The smallest unit of an element that has all the basic properties of the element is called a. proton. b.ion. c.atom. d.isotope

33. R EVIEW

34. E NERGY L EVELS  Areas of space where electrons can move  Closer to nucleus = lower energy  Further from nucleus = high energy  ELECTRONS CANNOT EXIST BETWEEN ENERGY LEVELS!!!  Numbered: level closest to nucleus = 1

35. A TOM AS A HOTEL  Energy levels = floors  Orbitals = rooms  1 st floor has one room  Second floor has four rooms etc  Electrons can move to any room on any floor  Electrons go in pairs Ni

37. A TOMIC BONDING  Outer shell electrons involved  Less electrons 1,2, or 3… Lose electrons  More electrons 4+ Gain electrons  Two Basic types  Covalent (sharing)  Ionic (borrowing)

38. I ONIC BONDING  ION= Charged particle  Positive ion Less electrons  Negative ion More electrons  Opposites attract  Mostly metal and non metal

39. B REAKING DOWN CHEMICAL FORMULAS

41. Color Not a reliable identification technique –Reason #1 Similarities in color among minerals Fluorite Amethyst Reason # 2 Minerals are outside! They get weathered Pyrite (Not Weathered ) Pyrite (Weathered )

42. Mineral Identification 1.Hardness 2.Luster 3.Streak 4.Cleavage & Fracture

43. Hardness Moh’s Hardness scale –1 thru 10 –1 being the softest 10 being the hardest

44. Hardness 1 Softest –Can be scratched by a fingernail Talc

45. Hardness 2 Still very soft can be scratched by most fingernails Gypsum

46. Hardness 3 Harder can be scratched with a penny (copper) Calcite

47. Hardness 4 Harder then 3 but can still be scratched with a steel nail Fluorite

48. Hardness 5 Still Harder can usually be scratched with a steel nail Apatite

49. Hardness 6 Harder can sometimes be scratched with a steel nail Feldspar

50. Hardness 7 Hard –Scratches glass and everything lower then 7 Quartz

51. Hardness 8 Harder –Scratches glass and quartz Topaz

52. Hardness 9 Very Hard –Scratches everything but Diamonds Corundum(Ruby)

53. Hardness 10 Hardest it goes –Can be scratched by Diamonds only Diamond

55. Luster The light that is reflected from a minerals surface is called luster. –Two basic types

56. Luster Metallic –P–Polished surface similar to metal. –E–Ex. Pyrite Galena Copper

57. Non-metallic –V–Vitreous –E–Everything else Talc Quartz

59. Streak a mineral in it’s powder form, is known as the minerals STREAK. –Rub a mineral across an unglazed piece of ceramic tile known as a streak plate.

61. Cleavage –Tendency for a mineral to split or “cleave” at a specific plane. Muscovite –Cleaves in sheets –1 plane Halite – cube – 3 = 90

62. Fracture If a mineral breaks unevenly it is said to fracture. Cleavage = 0 –Example: Quartz

63. Fluorescence Fluorescent minerals: contain particles in their structure known as activators, which respond to ultraviolet light by giving off a visible glow. –Example willemite

64. Other Possible Miscellaneous Tests

65. Misc. Tests Magnetite: –Magnetic Calcite: –Reacts with acid –Fluorescence Halite: –Salty taste

66. Sulfur: –Rotten egg smell –yellow Fluorite: –Fluorescence

67. 1.Amethyst (purple) A B C DE 2.Metallic A B C D 3.Red/brown streak AB C D 4.No cleavage (fracture) A B C D 5.Hardness of 7 (quartz) A B C D 6. Other identifying characteristics (Misc.) ___Calcite ___Sulfur ___Graphite ___Magnetite ___Halite