1. THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION

2. ► Religious reforms split western Christianity into Catholic and Protestant ► Why Reform?  Popes corrupted by power & lose focus of spiritual leadership ► In the end the reformers, like Martin Luther, established their own religions

3. Early Reform Movement ► Christian Humanists–wanted to reform Catholic Church  Believed through reason, and studying the classics one could become more pious(Christ-like)  Desiderius Erasmus (Catholic)– father of Christian Humanism ► Goal was to reform Church abuses from within Desiderius Erasmus

4. MARTIN LUTHER MARTIN LUTHER ► Problems with Church  Catholic Church believed salvation gained from faith + good work  Luther thought faith alone gained salvation  Indulgences –a release from all or part of sin ► Church selling indulgences–a HUGE abuse of Church power!

5. Martin Luther ► Oct 31, 1517 – Posted 95 Theses on church door in Wittenburg, Germany  Loudly critized the Church regarding the sale of indulgences ► Credited with starting the Protestant Reformation

6. The Reformation Begins ► By Jan 1521 – Luther excommunicated ► Holy Roman Emperor (HRE) Charles V wanted Luther to recant (change) his ideas  Luther refuses  HRE issues the Edict of Worms ► makes Luther an outlaw

7. Lutheranism ► First Protestant Faith ► Division of Christianity in Germany ► Germany in turmoil – Catholic? Lutheran?

8. Solution ► Peace of Augsburg  Issued by Charles V (HRE)  Allowed German princes to choose their faith

9. Protestantism Spreads - Zwingli ► Ulrich Zwingli  Introduces Protestant Reforms in Zurich, Switzerland ► Banned all religious relics & images ► Whitewashed all church interiors

10. Protestantism Spreads - Calvin ► John Calvin replaces Zwingli (killed in religious wars) ► Salvation through:  Predestination-God had determined in advance who was saved and who was damned  Luther did not agree ► 1536 – began a reformation in Geneva, Switz.  Created a reformed church  Used consistory (special body for enforcing moral discipline)

11. Reformation in England ► Henry VIII – King of England ► Political, not religious motives for reform ► Act of Supremacy(1534)  Established the Church of England  King in control of religion  Remained close to Catholic teachings

12. The Church of England(Anglican) ► 1547 – Henry died ► Anglican Church becomes more Protestant under his 9 year old son, Edward VI ► 1553 – Edward dies ► His half-sister Mary (Catholic) takes throne  She wants to restore Catholicism  “Bloody Mary”

13. The Catholic Reformation ► Protestantism spreading rapidly through Europe ► Church sees need for reform

14. The Papacy ► Corruption had to be addressed ► Opened the Council of Trent ► Revived the Inquisition

15. The Jesuits ► Most significant agent of Catholic reform ► Missionaries  Convert former and non- Catholics ► Founded by Ignatius of Loyola

16. Council of Trent ► Met over 18 year period (1545-63) ► Reaffirmed Catholic teaching  Maintained salvation was gained through faith and good works  Gave Catholic clear body of doctrine ► Opposition to Protestantism ► Banned indulgences!!

17. The Inquisition ► Church’s way to suppress heresy ► Followed strictly in Spain, Portugal and Rome

18. Anabaptists ► Not accepted by either Catholic or Protestant ► Considered dangerous radicals ► Church and state should be separate